4OM5

Crystal structure of CTX A4 from Taiwan Cobra (Naja naja atra)

Summary for 4OM5

• Entry DOI: 10.2210/pdb4om5/pdb
• Related: 4OM4
• Descriptor: Cytotoxin 4 (2 entities in total)
• Functional Keywords: five beta sheets, three functional loops, endocytosis, heparin, heparan sulfate, toxin
• Biological source: Naja atra (Taiwan cobra)
• Cellular location: Secreted : P01443
• Total number of polymer chains: 4
• Total formula weight: 27217.11

Authors

Lin, C.C.,Chang, C.I.,Wu, W.G. (deposition date: 2014-01-26, release date: 2014-06-11, Last modification date: 2024-10-16)

Primary citation

Lee, S.C.,Lin, C.C.,Wang, C.H.,Wu, P.L.,Huang, H.W.,Chang, C.I.,Wu, W.G.
Endocytotic Routes of Cobra Cardiotoxins Depend on Spatial Distribution of Positively Charged and Hydrophobic Domains to Target Distinct Types of Sulfated Glycoconjugates on Cell Surface.
J.Biol.Chem., 289:20170-20181, 2014

PubMed Abstract: Cobra cardiotoxins (CTX) are a family of three-fingered basic polypeptides known to interact with diverse targets such as heparan sulfates, sulfatides, and integrins on cell surfaces. After CTX bind to the membrane surface, they are internalized to intracellular space and exert their cytotoxicity via an unknown mechanism. By the combined in vitro kinetic binding, three-dimensional x-ray structure determination, and cell biology studies on the naturally abundant CTX homologues from the Taiwanese cobra, we showed that slight variations on the spatial distribution of positively charged or hydrophobic domains among CTX A2, A3, and A4 could lead to significant changes in their endocytotic pathways and action mechanisms via distinct sulfated glycoconjugate-mediated processes. The intracellular locations of these structurally similar CTX after internalization are shown to vary between the mitochondria and lysosomes via either dynamin2-dependent or -independent processes with distinct membrane cholesterol sensitivity. Evidence is presented to suggest that the shifting between the sulfated glycoconjugates as distinct targets of CTX A2, A3, and A4 might play roles in the co-evolutionary arms race between venomous snake toxins to cope with different membrane repair mechanisms at the cellular levels. The sensitivity of endocytotic routes to the spatial distribution of positively charged or hydrophobic domains may provide an explanation for the diverse endocytosis pathways of other cell-penetrating basic polypeptides.

PubMed: 24898246
DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M114.557157

Experimental method

X-RAY DIFFRACTION (2.55 Å)