1C4F
GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN S65T AT PH 4.6
Summary for 1C4F
| Entry DOI | 10.2210/pdb1c4f/pdb |
| Descriptor | GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN (2 entities in total) |
| Functional Keywords | green fluorescent protein, bioluminescence, photoactive protein, fluorescent tag, ph titration, signaling protein, fluorescent protein |
| Biological source | Aequorea victoria |
| Total number of polymer chains | 1 |
| Total formula weight | 26945.38 |
| Authors | Elsliger, M.A.,Wachter, R.M.,Kallio, K.,Hanson, G.T.,Remington, S.J. (deposition date: 1999-08-21, release date: 1999-08-31, Last modification date: 2025-02-05) |
| Primary citation | Elsliger, M.A.,Wachter, R.M.,Hanson, G.T.,Kallio, K.,Remington, S.J. Structural and spectral response of green fluorescent protein variants to changes in pH. Biochemistry, 38:5296-5301, 1999 Cited by PubMed Abstract: The green fluorescent protein (GFP) from the jellyfish Aequorea victoria has become a useful tool in molecular and cell biology. Recently, it has been found that the fluorescence spectra of most mutants of GFP respond rapidly and reversibly to pH variations, making them useful as probes of intracellular pH. To explore the structural basis for the titration behavior of the popular GFP S65T variant, we determined high-resolution crystal structures at pH 8.0 and 4.6. The structures revealed changes in the hydrogen bond pattern with the chromophore, suggesting that the pH sensitivity derives from protonation of the chromophore phenolate. Mutations were designed in yellow fluorescent protein (S65G/V68L/S72A/T203Y) to change the solvent accessibility (H148G) and to modify polar groups (H148Q, E222Q) near the chromophore. pH titrations of these variants indicate that the chromophore pKa can be modulated over a broad range from 6 to 8, allowing for pH determination from pH 5 to pH 9. Finally, mutagenesis was used to raise the pKa from 6.0 (S65T) to 7.8 (S65T/H148D). Unlike other variants, S65T/H148D exhibits two pH-dependent excitation peaks for green fluorescence with a clean isosbestic point. This raises the interesting possibility of using fluorescence at this isosbestic point as an internal reference. Practical real time in vivo applications in cell and developmental biology are proposed. PubMed: 10220315DOI: 10.1021/bi9902182 PDB entries with the same primary citation |
| Experimental method | X-RAY DIFFRACTION (2.25 Å) |
Structure validation
Download full validation report
