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- EMDB-20220: CRYO-EM STRUCTURE OF PHOSPHORYLATED AP-2 (mu E302K) BOUND TO NECA... -

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Entry
Database: EMDB / ID: EMD-20220
TitleCRYO-EM STRUCTURE OF PHOSPHORYLATED AP-2 (mu E302K) BOUND TO NECAP IN THE PRESENCE OF SS DNA
Map datacryo-EM structure of phosphorylated AP2 bound to NECAP in the presence of DNA; sharpened map
Sample
  • Complex: Phosphorylated AP2-NECAP (mu E302K) co-complex in the presence of ss DNA
    • Protein or peptide: AP-2 complex subunit alpha-2
    • Protein or peptide: AP-2 complex subunit beta
    • Protein or peptide: AP-2 complex subunit mu
    • Protein or peptide: AP-2 complex subunit sigma
    • Protein or peptide: Adaptin ear-binding coat-associated protein 2
    • Protein or peptide: Unknown region of Adaptin ear-binding coat-associated protein 2 Ex-domain
KeywordsAP2 / NECAP2 PROTEIN / CYTOPLASMIC VESICLE / ENDOCYTOSIS / LIPID-BINDING / ADAPTOR / MEMBRANE / TRANSPORT / PHOSPHORYLATION
Function / homology
Function and homology information


Formation of annular gap junctions / Gap junction degradation / clathrin vesicle coat / LDL clearance / WNT5A-dependent internalization of FZD2, FZD5 and ROR2 / WNT5A-dependent internalization of FZD2, FZD5 and ROR2 / LDL clearance / WNT5A-dependent internalization of FZD4 / Retrograde neurotrophin signalling / VLDLR internalisation and degradation ...Formation of annular gap junctions / Gap junction degradation / clathrin vesicle coat / LDL clearance / WNT5A-dependent internalization of FZD2, FZD5 and ROR2 / WNT5A-dependent internalization of FZD2, FZD5 and ROR2 / LDL clearance / WNT5A-dependent internalization of FZD4 / Retrograde neurotrophin signalling / VLDLR internalisation and degradation / Trafficking of GluR2-containing AMPA receptors / Retrograde neurotrophin signalling / clathrin adaptor complex / WNT5A-dependent internalization of FZD4 / clathrin coat / extrinsic component of presynaptic endocytic zone membrane / VLDLR internalisation and degradation / cardiac septum development / MHC class II antigen presentation / Recycling pathway of L1 / AP-2 adaptor complex / regulation of vesicle size / postsynaptic neurotransmitter receptor internalization / Recycling pathway of L1 / clathrin coat assembly / Cargo recognition for clathrin-mediated endocytosis / Cargo recognition for clathrin-mediated endocytosis / Clathrin-mediated endocytosis / clathrin adaptor activity / Clathrin-mediated endocytosis / positive regulation of synaptic vesicle endocytosis / membrane coat / vesicle budding from membrane / clathrin-dependent endocytosis / coronary vasculature development / MHC class II antigen presentation / positive regulation of protein localization to membrane / neurotransmitter receptor internalization / signal sequence binding / regulation of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation / aorta development / ventricular septum development / low-density lipoprotein particle receptor binding / clathrin binding / positive regulation of receptor internalization / Trafficking of GluR2-containing AMPA receptors / positive regulation of endocytosis / synaptic vesicle endocytosis / negative regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane / protein serine/threonine kinase binding / vesicle-mediated transport / Neutrophil degranulation / phosphatidylinositol binding / kidney development / secretory granule / intracellular protein transport / kinase binding / cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane / endocytosis / disordered domain specific binding / protein transport / synaptic vesicle / heart development / cytoplasmic vesicle / protein-containing complex assembly / postsynapse / transmembrane transporter binding / protein domain specific binding / intracellular membrane-bounded organelle / lipid binding / glutamatergic synapse / synapse / protein-containing complex binding / protein kinase binding / mitochondrion / plasma membrane
Similarity search - Function
NECAP, PHear domain / Protein of unknown function (DUF1681) / AP-2 complex subunit sigma / Clathrin adaptor, alpha-adaptin, appendage, C-terminal subdomain / Adaptor protein complex AP-2, alpha subunit / Alpha adaptin AP2, C-terminal domain / Mu2, C-terminal domain / AP-2 complex subunit mu, N-terminal / Adaptor protein complex, sigma subunit / Clathrin adaptor, beta-adaptin, appendage, Ig-like subdomain ...NECAP, PHear domain / Protein of unknown function (DUF1681) / AP-2 complex subunit sigma / Clathrin adaptor, alpha-adaptin, appendage, C-terminal subdomain / Adaptor protein complex AP-2, alpha subunit / Alpha adaptin AP2, C-terminal domain / Mu2, C-terminal domain / AP-2 complex subunit mu, N-terminal / Adaptor protein complex, sigma subunit / Clathrin adaptor, beta-adaptin, appendage, Ig-like subdomain / Beta-adaptin appendage, C-terminal subdomain / AP-1/2/4 complex subunit beta / Beta2-adaptin appendage, C-terminal sub-domain / Beta2-adaptin appendage, C-terminal sub-domain / AP complex subunit beta / : / Clathrin adaptor complex, small chain / Clathrin adaptor complexes small chain signature. / Clathrin adaptor complexes medium chain signature 1. / Clathrin adaptor, mu subunit / Clathrin adaptor, mu subunit, conserved site / Clathrin adaptor complexes medium chain signature 2. / : / Coatomer/calthrin adaptor appendage, C-terminal subdomain / Adaptor complexes medium subunit family / AP complex, mu/sigma subunit / Clathrin adaptor complex small chain / AP-2 complex subunit mu, C-terminal superfamily / Clathrin adaptor, alpha/beta/gamma-adaptin, appendage, Ig-like subdomain / Mu homology domain / Adaptin C-terminal domain / Mu homology domain (MHD) profile. / Adaptin C-terminal domain / Clathrin/coatomer adaptor, adaptin-like, N-terminal / Adaptin N terminal region / Clathrin adaptor, appendage, Ig-like subdomain superfamily / Longin-like domain superfamily / TBP domain superfamily / Armadillo/beta-catenin-like repeats / Armadillo / Armadillo-like helical / PH-like domain superfamily / Armadillo-type fold
Similarity search - Domain/homology
AP-2 complex subunit alpha-2 / AP-2 complex subunit sigma / AP-2 complex subunit mu / Adaptin ear-binding coat-associated protein 2 / AP-2 complex subunit beta
Similarity search - Component
Biological speciesMus musculus (house mouse) / Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
Methodsingle particle reconstruction / cryo EM / Resolution: 3.5 Å
AuthorsPartlow EA / Baker RW
Funding support United States, 1 items
OrganizationGrant numberCountry
National Institutes of Health/National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIH/NIGMS)R01 GM127548-01A1 United States
CitationJournal: Elife / Year: 2019
Title: A structural mechanism for phosphorylation-dependent inactivation of the AP2 complex.
Authors: Edward A Partlow / Richard W Baker / Gwendolyn M Beacham / Joshua S Chappie / Andres E Leschziner / Gunther Hollopeter /
Abstract: Endocytosis of transmembrane proteins is orchestrated by the AP2 clathrin adaptor complex. AP2 dwells in a closed, inactive state in the cytosol, but adopts an open, active conformation on the plasma ...Endocytosis of transmembrane proteins is orchestrated by the AP2 clathrin adaptor complex. AP2 dwells in a closed, inactive state in the cytosol, but adopts an open, active conformation on the plasma membrane. Membrane-activated complexes are also phosphorylated, but the significance of this mark is debated. We recently proposed that NECAP negatively regulates AP2 by binding open and phosphorylated complexes (Beacham et al., 2018). Here, we report high-resolution cryo-EM structures of NECAP bound to phosphorylated AP2. The site of AP2 phosphorylation is directly coordinated by residues of the NECAP PHear domain that are predicted from genetic screens in . Using membrane mimetics to generate conformationally open AP2, we find that a second domain of NECAP binds these complexes and cryo-EM reveals both domains of NECAP engaging closed, inactive AP2. Assays in vitro and in vivo confirm these domains cooperate to inactivate AP2. We propose that phosphorylation marks adaptors for inactivation.
History
DepositionMay 13, 2019-
Header (metadata) releaseAug 28, 2019-
Map releaseSep 11, 2019-
UpdateOct 16, 2024-
Current statusOct 16, 2024Processing site: RCSB / Status: Released

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Structure visualization

Movie
  • Surface view with section colored by density value
  • Surface level: 1.1
  • Imaged by UCSF Chimera
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  • Surface view colored by radius
  • Surface level: 1.1
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  • Surface view with fitted model
  • Atomic models: PDB-6oxl
  • Surface level: 1.1
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Movie viewer
Structure viewerEM map:
SurfViewMolmilJmol/JSmol
Supplemental images

emd_20220.png

Downloads & links

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Map

FileDownload / File: emd_20220.map.gz / Format: CCP4 / Size: 103 MB / Type: IMAGE STORED AS FLOATING POINT NUMBER (4 BYTES)
Annotationcryo-EM structure of phosphorylated AP2 bound to NECAP in the presence of DNA; sharpened map
Projections & slices

Image control

Size
Brightness
Contrast
Others
AxesZ (Sec.)Y (Row.)X (Col.)
1.16 Å/pix.
x 300 pix.
= 348. Å		1.16 Å/pix.
x 300 pix.
= 348. Å		1.16 Å/pix.
x 300 pix.
= 348. Å

Surface

Projections

Slices (1/3)

Slices (1/2)

Slices (2/3)

Images are generated by Spider.

Voxel sizeX=Y=Z: 1.16 Å
Density

Histogram

Histogram (log scale)
Contour LevelBy AUTHOR: 1.1 / Movie #1: 1.1
Minimum - Maximum-3.507513 - 6.928591
Average (Standard dev.)0.0016081508 (±0.17331944)
SymmetrySpace group: 1
Details

EMDB XML:

Map geometry
Axis orderXYZ
Origin000
Dimensions300300300
Spacing300300300
CellA=B=C: 348.0 Å
α=β=γ: 90.0 °

CCP4 map header:

modeImage stored as Reals
Å/pix. X/Y/Z1.161.161.16
M x/y/z300300300
origin x/y/z0.0000.0000.000
length x/y/z348.000348.000348.000
α/β/γ90.00090.00090.000
MAP C/R/S123
start NC/NR/NS000
NC/NR/NS300300300
D min/max/mean-3.5086.9290.002

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Supplemental data

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Additional map: cryo-EM structure of phosphorylated AP2 (E302K) bound to...

Fileemd_20220_additional.map
Annotationcryo-EM structure of phosphorylated AP2 (E302K) bound to NECAP in the presence of DNA; unsharpened map
Projections & Slices
AxesZYX

Projections

Slices (1/2)
Density Histograms

Histogram

Histogram (log scale)

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Half map: cryo-EM structure of phosphorylated AP2 (E302K) bound to...

Fileemd_20220_half_map_1.map
Annotationcryo-EM structure of phosphorylated AP2 (E302K) bound to NECAP in the presence of DNA; unfiltered half-map 1
Projections & Slices
AxesZYX

Projections

Slices (1/2)
Density Histograms

Histogram

Histogram (log scale)

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Half map: cryo-EM structure of phosphorylated AP2 (E302K) bound to...

Fileemd_20220_half_map_2.map
Annotationcryo-EM structure of phosphorylated AP2 (E302K) bound to NECAP in the presence of DNA; unfiltered half-map 2
Projections & Slices
AxesZYX

Projections

Slices (1/2)
Density Histograms

Histogram

Histogram (log scale)

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Sample components

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Entire : Phosphorylated AP2-NECAP (mu E302K) co-complex in the presence of...

EntireName: Phosphorylated AP2-NECAP (mu E302K) co-complex in the presence of ss DNA
Components
  • Complex: Phosphorylated AP2-NECAP (mu E302K) co-complex in the presence of ss DNA
    • Protein or peptide: AP-2 complex subunit alpha-2
    • Protein or peptide: AP-2 complex subunit beta
    • Protein or peptide: AP-2 complex subunit mu
    • Protein or peptide: AP-2 complex subunit sigma
    • Protein or peptide: Adaptin ear-binding coat-associated protein 2
    • Protein or peptide: Unknown region of Adaptin ear-binding coat-associated protein 2 Ex-domain

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Supramolecule #1: Phosphorylated AP2-NECAP (mu E302K) co-complex in the presence of...

SupramoleculeName: Phosphorylated AP2-NECAP (mu E302K) co-complex in the presence of ss DNA
type: complex / ID: 1 / Parent: 0 / Macromolecule list: all
Source (natural)Organism: Mus musculus (house mouse)

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Macromolecule #1: AP-2 complex subunit alpha-2

MacromoleculeName: AP-2 complex subunit alpha-2 / type: protein_or_peptide / ID: 1 / Number of copies: 1 / Enantiomer: LEVO
Source (natural)Organism: Mus musculus (house mouse)
Molecular weightTheoretical: 69.656297 KDa
Recombinant expressionOrganism: Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) (bacteria)
SequenceString: MPAVSKGEGM RGLAVFISDI RNCKSKEAEI KRINKELANI RSKFKGDKAL DGYSKKKYVC KLLFIFLLGH DIDFGHMEAV NLLSSNRYT EKQIGYLFIS VLVNSNSELI RLINNAIKND LASRNPTFMG LALHCIANVG SREMAEAFAG EIPKILVAGD T MDSVKQSA ...String:
MPAVSKGEGM RGLAVFISDI RNCKSKEAEI KRINKELANI RSKFKGDKAL DGYSKKKYVC KLLFIFLLGH DIDFGHMEAV NLLSSNRYT EKQIGYLFIS VLVNSNSELI RLINNAIKND LASRNPTFMG LALHCIANVG SREMAEAFAG EIPKILVAGD T MDSVKQSA ALCLLRLYRT SPDLVPMGDW TSRVVHLLND QHLGVVTAAT SLITTLAQKN PEEFKTSVSL AVSRLSRIVT SA STDLQDY TYYFVPAPWL SVKLLRLLQC YPPPEDPAVR GRLTECLETI LNKAQEPPKS KKVQHSNAKN AVLFEAISLI IHH DSEPNL LVRACNQLGQ FLQHRETNLR YLALESMCTL ASSEFSHEAV KTHIETVINA LKTERDVSVR QRAVDLLYAM CDRS NAQQI VAEMLSYLET ADYSIREEIV LKVAILAEKY AVDYTWYVDT ILNLIRIAGD YVSEEVWYRV IQIVINRDDV QGYAA KTVF EALQAPACHE NLVKVGGYIL GEFGNLIAGD PRSSPLIQFN LLHSKFHLCS VPTRALLLST YIKFVNLFPE VKATIQ DVL RSDSQLKNAD VELQQRAVEY LRLSTVASTD ILATVLEEMP PFPERESSIL AKLKKKKG

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Macromolecule #2: AP-2 complex subunit beta

MacromoleculeName: AP-2 complex subunit beta / type: protein_or_peptide / ID: 2 / Number of copies: 1 / Enantiomer: LEVO
Source (natural)Organism: Mus musculus (house mouse)
Molecular weightTheoretical: 66.953195 KDa
Recombinant expressionOrganism: Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) (bacteria)
SequenceString: MTDSKYFTTN KKGEIFELKA ELNNEKKEKR KEAVKKVIAA MTVGKDVSSL FPDVVNCMQT DNLELKKLVY LYLMNYAKSQ PDMAIMAVN SFVKDCEDPN PLIRALAVRT MGCIRVDKIT EYLCEPLRKC LKDEDPYVRK TAAVCVAKLH DINAQMVEDQ G FLDSLRDL ...String:
MTDSKYFTTN KKGEIFELKA ELNNEKKEKR KEAVKKVIAA MTVGKDVSSL FPDVVNCMQT DNLELKKLVY LYLMNYAKSQ PDMAIMAVN SFVKDCEDPN PLIRALAVRT MGCIRVDKIT EYLCEPLRKC LKDEDPYVRK TAAVCVAKLH DINAQMVEDQ G FLDSLRDL IADSNPMVVA NAVAALSEIS ESHPNSNLLD LNPQNINKLL TALNECTEWG QIFILDCLSN YNPKDDREAQ SI CERVTPR LSHANSAVVL SAVKVLMKFL ELLPKDSDYY NMLLKKLAPP LVTLLSGEPE VQYVALRNIN LIVQKRPEIL KQE IKVFFV KYNDPIYVKL EKLDIMIRLA SQANIAQVLA ELKEYATEVD VDFVRKAVRA IGRCAIKVEQ SAERCVSTLL DLIQ TKVNY VVQEAIVVIR DIFRKYPNKY ESIIATLCEN LDSLDEPDAR AAMIWIVGEY AERIDNADEL LESFLEGFHD ESTQV QLTL LTAIVKLFLK KPSETQELVQ QVLSLATQDS DNPDLRDRGY IYWRLLSTDP VTAKEVVLSE KPLISEETDL IEPTLL DEL ICHIGSLASV YHKPPNAFVE GSHGIHRK

UniProtKB: AP-2 complex subunit beta

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Macromolecule #3: AP-2 complex subunit mu

MacromoleculeName: AP-2 complex subunit mu / type: protein_or_peptide / ID: 3 / Number of copies: 1 / Enantiomer: LEVO
Source (natural)Organism: Mus musculus (house mouse)
Molecular weightTheoretical: 49.806688 KDa
Recombinant expressionOrganism: Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) (bacteria)
SequenceString: MIGGLFIYNH KGEVLISRVY RDDIGRNAVD AFRVNVIHAR QQVRSPVTNI ARTSFFHVKR SNIWLAAVTK QNVNAAMVFE FLYKMCDVM AAYFGKISEE NIKNNFVLIY ELLDEILDFG YPQNSETGAL KTFITQQGIK SQHQTKEEQS QITSQV(TPO) GQ IGWRREGIKY ...String:
MIGGLFIYNH KGEVLISRVY RDDIGRNAVD AFRVNVIHAR QQVRSPVTNI ARTSFFHVKR SNIWLAAVTK QNVNAAMVFE FLYKMCDVM AAYFGKISEE NIKNNFVLIY ELLDEILDFG YPQNSETGAL KTFITQQGIK SQHQTKEEQS QITSQV(TPO) GQ IGWRREGIKY RRNELFLDVL ESVNLLMSPQ GQVLSAHVSG RVVMKSYLSG MPECKFGMND KIVIEKQGKG TADETSKS G KQSIAIDDCT FHQCVRLSKF DSERSISFIP PDGEFELMRY RTTKDIILPF RVIPLVREVG RTKLKVKVVI KSNFKPSLL AQKIEVRIPT PLNTSGVQVI CMKGKAKYKA SENAIVWKIK RMAGMKESQI SAEIELLPTN DKKKWARPPI SMNFEVPFAP SGLKVRYLK VFEPKLNYSD HDVIKWVRYI GRSGIYETRC

UniProtKB: AP-2 complex subunit mu

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Macromolecule #4: AP-2 complex subunit sigma

MacromoleculeName: AP-2 complex subunit sigma / type: protein_or_peptide / ID: 4 / Number of copies: 1 / Enantiomer: LEVO
Source (natural)Organism: Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
Molecular weightTheoretical: 17.038688 KDa
Recombinant expressionOrganism: Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) (bacteria)
SequenceString:
MIRFILIQNR AGKTRLAKWY MQFDDDEKQK LIEEVHAVVT VRDAKHTNFV EFRNFKIIYR RYAGLYFCIC VDVNDNNLAY LEAIHNFVE VLNEYFHNVC ELDLVFNFYK VYTVVDEMFL AGEIRETSQT KVLKQLLMLQ SLE

UniProtKB: AP-2 complex subunit sigma

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Macromolecule #5: Adaptin ear-binding coat-associated protein 2

MacromoleculeName: Adaptin ear-binding coat-associated protein 2 / type: protein_or_peptide / ID: 5 / Number of copies: 1 / Enantiomer: LEVO
Source (natural)Organism: Mus musculus (house mouse)
Molecular weightTheoretical: 28.629941 KDa
Recombinant expressionOrganism: Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) (bacteria)
SequenceString: MEESEYESVL CVKPEVHVYR IPPRATNRGY RASEWQLDQP SWSGRLRITA KGKVAYIKLE DRTSGELFAQ APVDQFPGTA VESVTDSSR YFVIRIEDGN GRRAFIGLGF GDRGDAFDFN VALQDHFKWV KQQCEFAKQA QNPDEGPKLD LGFKDGQTIK I NIANMRKK ...String:
MEESEYESVL CVKPEVHVYR IPPRATNRGY RASEWQLDQP SWSGRLRITA KGKVAYIKLE DRTSGELFAQ APVDQFPGTA VESVTDSSR YFVIRIEDGN GRRAFIGLGF GDRGDAFDFN VALQDHFKWV KQQCEFAKQA QNPDEGPKLD LGFKDGQTIK I NIANMRKK EGAAGTPRAR PTSAGGLSLL PPPPGGKSST VIPPSGEQLS VGGSLVQPAV VSGSGGATEL WPQSKPAAAA TA DIWGDFT KSTGSPSSQS QPGTGWVQF

UniProtKB: Adaptin ear-binding coat-associated protein 2

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Macromolecule #6: Unknown region of Adaptin ear-binding coat-associated protein 2 E...

MacromoleculeName: Unknown region of Adaptin ear-binding coat-associated protein 2 Ex-domain
type: protein_or_peptide / ID: 6 / Number of copies: 1 / Enantiomer: LEVO
Source (natural)Organism: Mus musculus (house mouse)
Molecular weightTheoretical: 613.749 Da
Recombinant expressionOrganism: Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) (bacteria)
SequenceString:
(UNK)(UNK)(UNK)(UNK)(UNK)(UNK)(UNK)

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Experimental details

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Structure determination

Methodcryo EM
Processingsingle particle reconstruction
Aggregation stateparticle

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Sample preparation

Concentration1.0 mg/mL
BufferpH: 8
GridModel: UltrAuFoil / Material: GOLD / Mesh: 300 / Pretreatment - Type: GLOW DISCHARGE / Pretreatment - Time: 30 sec. / Pretreatment - Atmosphere: AIR
VitrificationCryogen name: ETHANE / Chamber humidity: 100 % / Chamber temperature: 277.15 K / Instrument: FEI VITROBOT MARK IV
Details: 4 UL OF SAMPLE/GRID WAS BLOTTED FOR 4 SECONDS AND PLUNGE FROZEN IN LIQUID-NITROGEN COOLED ETHANE.
DetailsContains an E302K mutation in the mu subunit of AP2.

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Electron microscopy

MicroscopeFEI TALOS ARCTICA
Image recordingFilm or detector model: GATAN K2 SUMMIT (4k x 4k) / Detector mode: COUNTING / Average electron dose: 1.0 e/Å2
Electron beamAcceleration voltage: 200 kV / Electron source: FIELD EMISSION GUN
Electron opticsIllumination mode: FLOOD BEAM / Imaging mode: BRIGHT FIELD / Cs: 2.7 mm / Nominal defocus max: 2.5 µm / Nominal defocus min: 0.6 µm / Nominal magnification: 36000
Sample stageCooling holder cryogen: NITROGEN
Experimental equipment
Model: Talos Arctica / Image courtesy: FEI Company

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Image processing

Startup modelType of model: OTHER
Details: Ab initio model generation performed in cryoSPARC v1
Final reconstructionApplied symmetry - Point group: C1 (asymmetric) / Resolution.type: BY AUTHOR / Resolution: 3.5 Å / Resolution method: FSC 0.143 CUT-OFF / Software - Name: cryoSPARC / Details: Non-Uniform refinement in cryoSPARC v2 / Number images used: 324922
Initial angle assignmentType: MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD / Software - Name: RELION
Final angle assignmentType: OTHER / Software - Name: cryoSPARC
FSC plot (resolution estimation)

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Atomic model buiding 1

Initial model
PDB IDChain

2vgl

source_name: PDB, initial_model_type: experimental model

1tqz

source_name: PDB, initial_model_type: experimental model
DetailsSTARTING MODEL WAS GENERATED BY DOCKING PDB ENTRIES 2VGL AND 1TQZ INTO CRYO-EM DENSITY AND MANUALLY EDITING SEQUENCE AND STRUCTURAL CHANGES. MODEL REFINEMENT WAS PERFORMED USING ROSETTA AND PHENIX.REAL_SPACE_REFINE
RefinementSpace: REAL / Protocol: RIGID BODY FIT
Output model

PDB-6oxl:
CRYO-EM STRUCTURE OF PHOSPHORYLATED AP-2 (mu E302K) BOUND TO NECAP IN THE PRESENCE OF SS DNA

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