Journal: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A / Year: 2019 Title: Structure of full-length human phenylalanine hydroxylase in complex with tetrahydrobiopterin. Authors: Marte Innselset Flydal / Martín Alcorlo-Pagés / Fredrik Gullaksen Johannessen / Siseth Martínez-Caballero / Lars Skjærven / Rafael Fernandez-Leiro / Aurora Martinez / Juan A Hermoso / Abstract: Phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) is a key enzyme in the catabolism of phenylalanine, and mutations in this enzyme cause phenylketonuria (PKU), a genetic disorder that leads to brain damage and mental ...Phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) is a key enzyme in the catabolism of phenylalanine, and mutations in this enzyme cause phenylketonuria (PKU), a genetic disorder that leads to brain damage and mental retardation if untreated. Some patients benefit from supplementation with a synthetic formulation of the cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin (BH) that partly acts as a pharmacological chaperone. Here we present structures of full-length human PAH (hPAH) both unbound and complexed with BH in the precatalytic state. Crystal structures, solved at 3.18-Å resolution, show the interactions between the cofactor and PAH, explaining the negative regulation exerted by BH BH forms several H-bonds with the N-terminal autoregulatory tail but is far from the catalytic Fe Upon BH binding a polar and salt-bridge interaction network links the three PAH domains, explaining the stability conferred by BH Importantly, BH binding modulates the interaction between subunits, providing information about PAH allostery. Moreover, we also show that the cryo-EM structure of hPAH in absence of BH reveals a highly dynamic conformation for the tetramers. Structural analyses of the hPAH:BH subunits revealed that the substrate-induced movement of Tyr138 into the active site could be coupled to the displacement of BH from the precatalytic toward the active conformation, a molecular mechanism that was supported by site-directed mutagenesis and targeted molecular dynamics simulations. Finally, comparison of the rat and human PAH structures show that hPAH is more dynamic, which is related to amino acid substitutions that enhance the flexibility of hPAH and may increase the susceptibility to PKU-associated mutations.
History
Deposition
Feb 11, 2019
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Header (metadata) release
Feb 27, 2019
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Map release
Jun 5, 2019
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Update
Nov 25, 2020
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Current status
Nov 25, 2020
Processing site: PDBe / Status: Released
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Structure visualization
Movie
Surface view with section colored by density value
Cryogen name: ETHANE / Chamber humidity: 95 % / Chamber temperature: 277 K / Instrument: FEI VITROBOT MARK III Details: 3microL, no incubation, 2 seconds blot, no wait before plunging.
Details
The thawed sample was run through SEC (S200I) prior to grid preparation
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Electron microscopy
Microscope
FEI TITAN KRIOS
Specialist optics
Energy filter - Name: GIF Quantum LS / Energy filter - Slit width: 20 eV
Image recording
Film or detector model: GATAN K2 SUMMIT (4k x 4k) / Detector mode: COUNTING / Digitization - Dimensions - Width: 3838 pixel / Digitization - Dimensions - Height: 3710 pixel / Digitization - Frames/image: 1-80 / Number grids imaged: 1 / Number real images: 1493 / Average exposure time: 12.0 sec. / Average electron dose: 42.0 e/Å2
Electron beam
Acceleration voltage: 300 kV / Electron source: FIELD EMISSION GUN
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