Journal: PLoS Pathog / Year: 2014 Title: Structural differences explain diverse functions of Plasmodium actins. Authors: Juha Vahokoski / Saligram Prabhakar Bhargav / Ambroise Desfosses / Maria Andreadaki / Esa-Pekka Kumpula / Silvia Muñico Martinez / Alexander Ignatev / Simone Lepper / Friedrich Frischknecht ...Authors: Juha Vahokoski / Saligram Prabhakar Bhargav / Ambroise Desfosses / Maria Andreadaki / Esa-Pekka Kumpula / Silvia Muñico Martinez / Alexander Ignatev / Simone Lepper / Friedrich Frischknecht / Inga Sidén-Kiamos / Carsten Sachse / Inari Kursula / Abstract: Actins are highly conserved proteins and key players in central processes in all eukaryotic cells. The two actins of the malaria parasite are among the most divergent eukaryotic actins and also ...Actins are highly conserved proteins and key players in central processes in all eukaryotic cells. The two actins of the malaria parasite are among the most divergent eukaryotic actins and also differ from each other more than isoforms in any other species. Microfilaments have not been directly observed in Plasmodium and are presumed to be short and highly dynamic. We show that actin I cannot complement actin II in male gametogenesis, suggesting critical structural differences. Cryo-EM reveals that Plasmodium actin I has a unique filament structure, whereas actin II filaments resemble canonical F-actin. Both Plasmodium actins hydrolyze ATP more efficiently than α-actin, and unlike any other actin, both parasite actins rapidly form short oligomers induced by ADP. Crystal structures of both isoforms pinpoint several structural changes in the monomers causing the unique polymerization properties. Inserting the canonical D-loop to Plasmodium actin I leads to the formation of long filaments in vitro. In vivo, this chimera restores gametogenesis in parasites lacking actin II, suggesting that stable filaments are required for exflagellation. Together, these data underline the divergence of eukaryotic actins and demonstrate how structural differences in the monomers translate into filaments with different properties, implying that even eukaryotic actins have faced different evolutionary pressures and followed different paths for developing their polymerization properties.
History
Deposition
Feb 10, 2014
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Header (metadata) release
Mar 12, 2014
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Map release
Apr 30, 2014
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Update
Apr 30, 2014
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Current status
Apr 30, 2014
Processing site: PDBe / Status: Released
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Structure visualization
Movie
Surface view with section colored by density value
Details: 50 mM (pH 8.0) Tris-HCl, 500 mM KCl, 20 mM MgCl2, 50 mM DTT, and 10 mM ATP, JAS 5 uM
Grid
Details: glow-discharged holey carbon grids (Quantifoil R 2/2)
Vitrification
Cryogen name: ETHANE / Chamber humidity: 70 % / Chamber temperature: 120 K / Instrument: LEICA EM GP Method: Polymerized samples were applied in 3-uL aliquots onto freshly glow-discharged holey carbon grids (Quantifoil R 2/2) at 295 K and 70% humidity and vitrified in liquid ethane using a Leica EM ...Method: Polymerized samples were applied in 3-uL aliquots onto freshly glow-discharged holey carbon grids (Quantifoil R 2/2) at 295 K and 70% humidity and vitrified in liquid ethane using a Leica EM GP vitrification robot.
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Electron microscopy
Microscope
FEI TECNAI F20
Date
Feb 6, 2013
Image recording
Category: CCD / Film or detector model: GATAN ULTRASCAN 4000 (4k x 4k) / Number real images: 75
Electron beam
Acceleration voltage: 200 kV / Electron source: FIELD EMISSION GUN
For 3D structure determination, segments were excised using a regular step size of 70 Angstrom, convolved by their respective CTF and further reconstructed as described (Sachse et al. 2007) using the software SPRING (Desfosses et al. 2014)
CTF correction
Details: Each particle (convolved)
Final reconstruction
Applied symmetry - Helical parameters - Δz: 27.69 Å Applied symmetry - Helical parameters - Δ&Phi: 167.52 ° Applied symmetry - Helical parameters - Axial symmetry: C1 (asymmetric) Resolution.type: BY AUTHOR / Resolution: 25.0 Å / Resolution method: OTHER / Software - Name: SPRING / Number images used: 3513
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