Journal: EMBO J / Year: 2021 Title: Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 by highly potent, hyperthermostable, and mutation-tolerant nanobodies. Authors: Thomas Güttler / Metin Aksu / Antje Dickmanns / Kim M Stegmann / Kathrin Gregor / Renate Rees / Waltraud Taxer / Oleh Rymarenko / Jürgen Schünemann / Christian Dienemann / Philip Gunkel / ...Authors: Thomas Güttler / Metin Aksu / Antje Dickmanns / Kim M Stegmann / Kathrin Gregor / Renate Rees / Waltraud Taxer / Oleh Rymarenko / Jürgen Schünemann / Christian Dienemann / Philip Gunkel / Bianka Mussil / Jens Krull / Ulrike Teichmann / Uwe Groß / Volker C Cordes / Matthias Dobbelstein / Dirk Görlich / Abstract: Monoclonal anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulins represent a treatment option for COVID-19. However, their production in mammalian cells is not scalable to meet the global demand. Single-domain (VHH) ...Monoclonal anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulins represent a treatment option for COVID-19. However, their production in mammalian cells is not scalable to meet the global demand. Single-domain (VHH) antibodies (also called nanobodies) provide an alternative suitable for microbial production. Using alpaca immune libraries against the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein, we isolated 45 infection-blocking VHH antibodies. These include nanobodies that can withstand 95°C. The most effective VHH antibody neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 at 17-50 pM concentration (0.2-0.7 µg per liter), binds the open and closed states of the Spike, and shows a tight RBD interaction in the X-ray and cryo-EM structures. The best VHH trimers neutralize even at 40 ng per liter. We constructed nanobody tandems and identified nanobody monomers that tolerate the K417N/T, E484K, N501Y, and L452R immune-escape mutations found in the Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Epsilon, Iota, and Delta/Kappa lineages. We also demonstrate neutralization of the Beta strain at low-picomolar VHH concentrations. We further discovered VHH antibodies that enforce native folding of the RBD in the E. coli cytosol, where its folding normally fails. Such "fold-promoting" nanobodies may allow for simplified production of vaccines and their adaptation to viral escape-mutations.
History
Deposition
Jun 23, 2021
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Header (metadata) release
Aug 11, 2021
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Map release
Aug 11, 2021
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Update
Oct 13, 2021
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Current status
Oct 13, 2021
Processing site: PDBe / Status: Released
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Structure visualization
Movie
Surface view with section colored by density value
Macromolecule #1: SARS-CoV-2 HexaPro S (Spike) glycoprotein
Macromolecule
Name: SARS-CoV-2 HexaPro S (Spike) glycoprotein / type: protein_or_peptide / ID: 1 Details: Spike ectodomain (1-1208) with six exchanges to proline (F817P, A892P, A899P, A942P, K986P, V986P), a GSAS substitution at the furin cleavage site (residues 682-685), a C-terminal T4 foldon ...Details: Spike ectodomain (1-1208) with six exchanges to proline (F817P, A892P, A899P, A942P, K986P, V986P), a GSAS substitution at the furin cleavage site (residues 682-685), a C-terminal T4 foldon trimerization domain, followed by a HRV 3C protease site, a His8-tag and a Twin-Strep tag Enantiomer: LEVO
Source (natural)
Organism: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
Cryogen name: ETHANE / Chamber humidity: 100 % / Chamber temperature: 277.15 K / Instrument: FEI VITROBOT MARK IV Details: sample volume: 3.0 microliters blotting time: 4 s blot force setting: 5.
Details
The Spike protein was mixed with a 9-fold molar excess of VHH Re5D06 and purified by size exclusion chromatography (Superose 6 Increase 3.2/300, Cytiva). The peak eluate fraction (1 mg/ml) was immediately applied to a freshly glow-discharged grid.
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Electron microscopy
Microscope
FEI TITAN KRIOS
Specialist optics
Energy filter - Name: GIF Quantum LS / Energy filter - Slit width: 20 eV
Image recording
Film or detector model: GATAN K3 (6k x 4k) / Digitization - Dimensions - Width: 5760 pixel / Digitization - Dimensions - Height: 4092 pixel / Digitization - Sampling interval: 5.0 µm / Number grids imaged: 1 / Number real images: 15636 / Average exposure time: 2.0 sec. / Average electron dose: 39.91 e/Å2 Details: counting mode (non-super-resolution) 4 images per hole (beam-image shift)
Electron beam
Acceleration voltage: 300 kV / Electron source: FIELD EMISSION GUN
Type of model: OTHER Details: An ab-initio 3D model was generated from particles of good 2D classes using cryoSPARC (version 2.15).
Final reconstruction
Number classes used: 3 / Applied symmetry - Point group: C1 (asymmetric) / Algorithm: FOURIER SPACE / Resolution.type: BY AUTHOR / Resolution: 3.5 Å / Resolution method: FSC 0.143 CUT-OFF / Software - Name: RELION (ver. 3.1) / Number images used: 652015
Initial angle assignment
Type: MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD / Software - Name: cryoSPARC (ver. 2.15)
Final angle assignment
Type: MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD / Software - Name: RELION (ver. 3.1)
Final 3D classification
Number classes: 5 / Software - Name: RELION (ver. 3.1) Details: The RBD-nanobody sub-volume (for the RBD-VHH Re5D06 module in the down conformation) was masked for focused 3D classification, which yielded 5 classes. Three classes were selected for ...Details: The RBD-nanobody sub-volume (for the RBD-VHH Re5D06 module in the down conformation) was masked for focused 3D classification, which yielded 5 classes. Three classes were selected for subsequent global and multi-body refinement runs.
FSC plot (resolution estimation)
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