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- PDB-9xaw: Structure of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike N-terminal domain(NTD) in compl... -

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Basic information

Entry
Database: PDB / ID: 9xaw
TitleStructure of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike N-terminal domain(NTD) in complex with the BLN8 Fab
Components
  • BLN8 heavy chain
  • BLN8 light chain
  • Spike protein S1
KeywordsIMMUNE SYSTEM / Complex
Function / homology
Function and homology information


symbiont-mediated disruption of host tissue / Maturation of spike protein / host cell surface / Translation of Structural Proteins / Virion Assembly and Release / Lectin pathway of complement activation / host extracellular region / symbiont-mediated-mediated suppression of host tetherin activity / structural constituent of virion / Induction of Cell-Cell Fusion ...symbiont-mediated disruption of host tissue / Maturation of spike protein / host cell surface / Translation of Structural Proteins / Virion Assembly and Release / Lectin pathway of complement activation / host extracellular region / symbiont-mediated-mediated suppression of host tetherin activity / structural constituent of virion / Induction of Cell-Cell Fusion / positive regulation of viral entry into host cell / Initial triggering of complement / membrane fusion / host cell endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment membrane / Attachment and Entry / entry receptor-mediated virion attachment to host cell / receptor-mediated virion attachment to host cell / host cell surface receptor binding / symbiont-mediated suppression of host innate immune response / endocytosis involved in viral entry into host cell / receptor ligand activity / fusion of virus membrane with host plasma membrane / fusion of virus membrane with host endosome membrane / viral envelope / symbiont entry into host cell / virion attachment to host cell / host cell plasma membrane / SARS-CoV-2 activates/modulates innate and adaptive immune responses / virion membrane / membrane / identical protein binding / plasma membrane
Similarity search - Function
Spike (S) protein S1 subunit, receptor-binding domain, SARS-CoV-2 / Spike (S) protein S1 subunit, N-terminal domain, SARS-CoV-like / Coronavirus spike glycoprotein S1, C-terminal / Coronavirus spike glycoprotein S1, C-terminal / Spike glycoprotein, N-terminal domain superfamily / Spike S1 subunit, receptor binding domain superfamily, betacoronavirus / Spike glycoprotein, betacoronavirus / Betacoronavirus spike (S) glycoprotein S1 subunit N-terminal (NTD) domain profile. / Spike glycoprotein S1, N-terminal domain, betacoronavirus-like / Betacoronavirus-like spike glycoprotein S1, N-terminal ...Spike (S) protein S1 subunit, receptor-binding domain, SARS-CoV-2 / Spike (S) protein S1 subunit, N-terminal domain, SARS-CoV-like / Coronavirus spike glycoprotein S1, C-terminal / Coronavirus spike glycoprotein S1, C-terminal / Spike glycoprotein, N-terminal domain superfamily / Spike S1 subunit, receptor binding domain superfamily, betacoronavirus / Spike glycoprotein, betacoronavirus / Betacoronavirus spike (S) glycoprotein S1 subunit N-terminal (NTD) domain profile. / Spike glycoprotein S1, N-terminal domain, betacoronavirus-like / Betacoronavirus-like spike glycoprotein S1, N-terminal / Betacoronavirus spike (S) glycoprotein S1 subunit C-terminal (CTD) domain profile. / Spike (S) protein S1 subunit, receptor-binding domain, betacoronavirus / Betacoronavirus spike glycoprotein S1, receptor binding / Spike glycoprotein S2 superfamily, coronavirus / Spike glycoprotein S2, coronavirus, heptad repeat 1 / Spike glycoprotein S2, coronavirus, heptad repeat 2 / Coronavirus spike (S) glycoprotein S2 subunit heptad repeat 1 (HR1) region profile. / Coronavirus spike (S) glycoprotein S2 subunit heptad repeat 2 (HR2) region profile. / Spike glycoprotein S2, coronavirus / Coronavirus spike glycoprotein S2
Similarity search - Domain/homology
Biological speciesHomo sapiens (human)
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
MethodX-RAY DIFFRACTION / SYNCHROTRON / MOLECULAR REPLACEMENT / Resolution: 3.13 Å
AuthorsZhou, J.J. / Gao, G.F.
Funding support China, 1items
OrganizationGrant numberCountry
Chinese Academy of Sciences China
CitationJournal: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A / Year: 2026
Title: A structural and mechanistic atlas of NTD antibody neutralization and immune escape across SARS-CoV-2 prototype and its (sub-)variants.
Authors: Jianjie Zhou / Wenyu Li / Xiaoyun Wang / Junqing Sun / Shuxin Guo / Xiaoyu Rong / Zhou Tong / Lianpan Dai / William Jun Liu / Jianxun Qi / George Fu Gao / Qihui Wang /
Abstract: The N-terminal domain (NTD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) is a critical antibody target, yet its epitope organization, neutralization mechanisms, and immune evasion strategies remain incompletely ...The N-terminal domain (NTD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) is a critical antibody target, yet its epitope organization, neutralization mechanisms, and immune evasion strategies remain incompletely resolved. Here, we classify NTD antibodies into nine spatially distinct classes (designated as NTD-1 to NTD-9), including a cryptic epitope defined here (NTD-8). Mechanistic studies reveal that NTD-5 and NTD-9 antibodies neutralize by inducing S1 shedding, thereby extending this mechanism to selected NTD-directed antibodies. Format profiling shows that while most NTD antibodies require bivalency, selected antibodies from NTD-3, NTD-5, and NTD-9 retain neutralizing activity in Fab form. Profiling 41 antibodies across prototype, Delta, and 17 Omicron subvariants defines an epitope-resolved escape landscape and enables dissection of three convergent evasion strategies: contact residue disruption, glycan shielding, and conformational remodeling. Notably, the KP.3.1.1 subvariant uses a dual escape mechanism in which ∆S31 introduces N30 glycosylation and substantially remodels the S27-R34 region, undermining recognition by both NTD-5 and NTD-9 antibodies. These findings provide a structural and mechanistic framework for rational vaccine and antibody design resilient to antigenic drift.
History
DepositionOct 23, 2025Deposition site: PDBJ / Processing site: PDBC
Revision 1.0Aug 5, 2026Provider: repository / Type: Initial release
Revision 1.1Sep 16, 2026Group: Database references / Category: citation / citation_author
Item: _citation.country / _citation.journal_abbrev ..._citation.country / _citation.journal_abbrev / _citation.journal_id_ASTM / _citation.journal_id_CSD / _citation.journal_id_ISSN / _citation.journal_volume / _citation.page_first / _citation.page_last / _citation.pdbx_database_id_DOI / _citation.pdbx_database_id_PubMed / _citation.title / _citation.year

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Structure visualization

Structure viewerMolecule:
MolmilJmol/JSmol

Downloads & links

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Assembly

Deposited unit
A: BLN8 heavy chain
K: Spike protein S1
B: BLN8 light chain
C: BLN8 heavy chain
E: BLN8 heavy chain
G: BLN8 heavy chain
D: BLN8 light chain
F: BLN8 light chain
H: BLN8 light chain
I: Spike protein S1
J: Spike protein S1
L: Spike protein S1
hetero molecules


Theoretical massNumber of molelcules
Total (without water)331,99431
Polymers324,77912
Non-polymers7,21519
Water00
1


  • Idetical with deposited unit
  • defined by author&software
  • Evidence: gel filtration
TypeNameSymmetry operationNumber
identity operation1_555x,y,z1
Unit cell
Length a, b, c (Å)72.940, 117.493, 138.049
Angle α, β, γ (deg.)110.914, 90.274, 96.371
Int Tables number1
Space group name H-MP1
Space group name HallP1
Symmetry operation#1: x,y,z

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Components

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Protein , 1 types, 4 molecules KIJL

#2: Protein
Spike protein S1


Mass: 33998.297 Da / Num. of mol.: 4 / Fragment: NTD
Source method: isolated from a genetically manipulated source
Source: (gene. exp.) Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
Gene: S, 2 / Production host: Homo sapiens (human) / References: UniProt: P0DTC2

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Antibody , 2 types, 8 molecules ACEGBDFH

#1: Antibody
BLN8 heavy chain


Mass: 24640.574 Da / Num. of mol.: 4
Source method: isolated from a genetically manipulated source
Source: (gene. exp.) Homo sapiens (human) / Production host: Homo sapiens (human)
#3: Antibody
BLN8 light chain


Mass: 22555.889 Da / Num. of mol.: 4
Source method: isolated from a genetically manipulated source
Source: (gene. exp.) Homo sapiens (human) / Production host: Homo sapiens (human)

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Sugars , 6 types, 19 molecules

#4: Polysaccharide alpha-L-fucopyranose-(1-6)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose


Type: oligosaccharide / Mass: 367.349 Da / Num. of mol.: 3
Source method: isolated from a genetically manipulated source
DescriptorTypeProgram
LFucpa1-6DGlcpNAcb1-ROHGlycam Condensed SequenceGMML 1.0
WURCS=2.0/2,2,1/[a2122h-1b_1-5_2*NCC/3=O][a1221m-1a_1-5]/1-2/a6-b1WURCSPDB2Glycan 1.1.0
[][D-1-deoxy-GlcpNAc]{[(6+1)][a-L-Fucp]{}}LINUCSPDB-CARE
#5: Polysaccharide alpha-D-mannopyranose-(1-3)-beta-D-mannopyranose-(1-4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose-(1- ...alpha-D-mannopyranose-(1-3)-beta-D-mannopyranose-(1-4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose-(1-4)-[alpha-L-fucopyranose-(1-6)]2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose


Type: oligosaccharide / Mass: 894.823 Da / Num. of mol.: 1 / Source method: obtained synthetically
DescriptorTypeProgram
DManpa1-3DManpb1-4DGlcpNAcb1-4[LFucpa1-6]DGlcpNAcb1-ROHGlycam Condensed SequenceGMML 1.0
WURCS=2.0/4,5,4/[a2122h-1b_1-5_2*NCC/3=O][a1122h-1b_1-5][a1122h-1a_1-5][a1221m-1a_1-5]/1-1-2-3-4/a4-b1_a6-e1_b4-c1_c3-d1WURCSPDB2Glycan 1.1.0
[][D-1-deoxy-GlcpNAc]{[(4+1)][b-D-GlcpNAc]{[(4+1)][b-D-Manp]{[(3+1)][a-D-Manp]{}}}[(6+1)][a-L-Fucp]{}}LINUCSPDB-CARE
#6: Polysaccharide alpha-D-mannopyranose-(1-6)-beta-D-mannopyranose-(1-4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose-(1- ...alpha-D-mannopyranose-(1-6)-beta-D-mannopyranose-(1-4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose-(1-4)-[alpha-L-fucopyranose-(1-6)]2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose


Type: oligosaccharide / Mass: 894.823 Da / Num. of mol.: 1 / Source method: obtained synthetically
DescriptorTypeProgram
DManpa1-6DManpb1-4DGlcpNAcb1-4[LFucpa1-6]DGlcpNAcb1-ROHGlycam Condensed SequenceGMML 1.0
WURCS=2.0/4,5,4/[a2122h-1b_1-5_2*NCC/3=O][a1122h-1b_1-5][a1122h-1a_1-5][a1221m-1a_1-5]/1-1-2-3-4/a4-b1_a6-e1_b4-c1_c6-d1WURCSPDB2Glycan 1.1.0
[][D-1-deoxy-GlcpNAc]{[(4+1)][b-D-GlcpNAc]{[(4+1)][b-D-Manp]{[(6+1)][a-D-Manp]{}}}[(6+1)][a-L-Fucp]{}}LINUCSPDB-CARE
#7: Polysaccharide beta-D-mannopyranose-(1-4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose-(1-4)-[alpha-L-fucopyranose-(1- ...beta-D-mannopyranose-(1-4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose-(1-4)-[alpha-L-fucopyranose-(1-6)]2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose


Type: oligosaccharide / Mass: 732.682 Da / Num. of mol.: 2 / Source method: obtained synthetically
DescriptorTypeProgram
DManpb1-4DGlcpNAcb1-4[LFucpa1-6]DGlcpNAcb1-ROHGlycam Condensed SequenceGMML 1.0
WURCS=2.0/3,4,3/[a2122h-1b_1-5_2*NCC/3=O][a1122h-1b_1-5][a1221m-1a_1-5]/1-1-2-3/a4-b1_a6-d1_b4-c1WURCSPDB2Glycan 1.1.0
[][D-1-deoxy-GlcpNAc]{[(4+1)][b-D-GlcpNAc]{[(4+1)][b-D-Manp]{}}[(6+1)][a-L-Fucp]{}}LINUCSPDB-CARE
#8: Polysaccharide 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose-(1-4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose


Type: oligosaccharide / Mass: 424.401 Da / Num. of mol.: 1 / Source method: obtained synthetically
DescriptorTypeProgram
DGlcpNAcb1-4DGlcpNAcb1-ROHGlycam Condensed SequenceGMML 1.0
WURCS=2.0/1,2,1/[a2122h-1b_1-5_2*NCC/3=O]/1-1/a4-b1WURCSPDB2Glycan 1.1.0
[][D-1-deoxy-GlcpNAc]{[(4+1)][b-D-GlcpNAc]{}}LINUCSPDB-CARE
#9: Sugar
ChemComp-NAG / 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose / N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine / 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucose / 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose / 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-glucose / N-ACETYL-D-GLUCOSAMINE


Type: D-saccharide, beta linking / Mass: 221.208 Da / Num. of mol.: 11 / Source method: obtained synthetically / Formula: C8H15NO6
IdentifierTypeProgram
DGlcpNAcbCONDENSED IUPAC CARBOHYDRATE SYMBOLGMML 1.0
N-acetyl-b-D-glucopyranosamineCOMMON NAMEGMML 1.0
b-D-GlcpNAcIUPAC CARBOHYDRATE SYMBOLPDB-CARE 1.0
GlcNAcSNFG CARBOHYDRATE SYMBOLGMML 1.0

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Details

Has ligand of interestN
Has protein modificationY

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Experimental details

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Experiment

ExperimentMethod: X-RAY DIFFRACTION / Number of used crystals: 1

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Sample preparation

CrystalDensity Matthews: 3.32 Å3/Da / Density % sol: 62.94 %
Crystal growTemperature: 289 K / Method: vapor diffusion, sitting drop
Details: 0.15 M Lithium sulfate monohydrate, 0.1 M Citric acid pH 3.5, 18% w/v Polyethylene glycol 6,000, 0.1 M Sodium iodide

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Data collection

DiffractionMean temperature: 100 K / Serial crystal experiment: N
Diffraction sourceSource: SYNCHROTRON / Site: SSRF / Beamline: BL02U1 / Wavelength: 0.97925 Å
DetectorType: DECTRIS EIGER2 S 9M / Detector: PIXEL / Date: Sep 15, 2024
RadiationProtocol: SINGLE WAVELENGTH / Monochromatic (M) / Laue (L): M / Scattering type: x-ray
Radiation wavelengthWavelength: 0.97925 Å / Relative weight: 1
ReflectionResolution: 3.13→64.4 Å / Num. obs: 73865 / % possible obs: 98.6 % / Redundancy: 3.4 % / Biso Wilson estimate: 37.97 Å2 / CC1/2: 0.909 / Net I/σ(I): 5.1
Reflection shellResolution: 3.13→3.21 Å / Num. unique obs: 5419 / CC1/2: 0.486

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Processing

Software
NameVersionClassification
PHENIX1.21.1_5286refinement
DIALSdata reduction
DIALSdata scaling
PHASERphasing
RefinementMethod to determine structure: MOLECULAR REPLACEMENT / Resolution: 3.13→64.4 Å / SU ML: 0.4611 / Cross valid method: FREE R-VALUE / σ(F): 1.97 / Phase error: 31.5663
Stereochemistry target values: GeoStd + Monomer Library + CDL v1.2
RfactorNum. reflection% reflection
Rfree0.2849 3606 4.89 %
Rwork0.2315 70083 -
obs0.2341 73689 98.38 %
Solvent computationShrinkage radii: 0.9 Å / VDW probe radii: 1.1 Å / Solvent model: FLAT BULK SOLVENT MODEL
Displacement parametersBiso mean: 45.99 Å2
Refinement stepCycle: LAST / Resolution: 3.13→64.4 Å
ProteinNucleic acidLigandSolventTotal
Num. atoms21911 0 472 0 22383
Refine LS restraints
Refine-IDTypeDev idealNumber
X-RAY DIFFRACTIONf_bond_d0.002322949
X-RAY DIFFRACTIONf_angle_d0.598231275
X-RAY DIFFRACTIONf_chiral_restr0.04493614
X-RAY DIFFRACTIONf_plane_restr0.00453943
X-RAY DIFFRACTIONf_dihedral_angle_d11.61288667
LS refinement shell
Resolution (Å)Rfactor RfreeNum. reflection RfreeRfactor RworkNum. reflection RworkRefine-ID% reflection obs (%)
3.13-3.170.37421510.30232681X-RAY DIFFRACTION97.72
3.17-3.210.3231280.27522645X-RAY DIFFRACTION97.81
3.21-3.260.36161230.27142700X-RAY DIFFRACTION97.58
3.26-3.310.3341490.26292681X-RAY DIFFRACTION98.23
3.31-3.360.33351480.26352681X-RAY DIFFRACTION98.26
3.36-3.420.33851200.25862674X-RAY DIFFRACTION97.9
3.42-3.470.31611540.24572754X-RAY DIFFRACTION98.24
3.47-3.540.33291460.2522638X-RAY DIFFRACTION98.2
3.54-3.610.3171220.24452695X-RAY DIFFRACTION98.39
3.61-3.680.31531220.2412709X-RAY DIFFRACTION98.2
3.68-3.760.33151250.24582703X-RAY DIFFRACTION98.16
3.76-3.850.3161490.23842745X-RAY DIFFRACTION98.34
3.85-3.940.30931330.23122649X-RAY DIFFRACTION98.37
3.94-4.050.24141260.21872741X-RAY DIFFRACTION98.29
4.05-4.170.25441450.20772663X-RAY DIFFRACTION98.49
4.17-4.30.26491370.2072721X-RAY DIFFRACTION98.59
4.3-4.460.25691520.19742682X-RAY DIFFRACTION98.64
4.46-4.640.23741360.18892683X-RAY DIFFRACTION98.57
4.64-4.850.23531570.18982698X-RAY DIFFRACTION98.58
4.85-5.10.2291370.19962690X-RAY DIFFRACTION98.71
5.1-5.420.24221470.20792710X-RAY DIFFRACTION98.96
5.42-5.840.29841250.2342730X-RAY DIFFRACTION98.62
5.84-6.430.29361640.23812664X-RAY DIFFRACTION98.98
6.43-7.360.28781330.24972759X-RAY DIFFRACTION98.94
7.36-9.260.2411190.23512723X-RAY DIFFRACTION99.16
9.26-64.40.25731580.25522664X-RAY DIFFRACTION97.95

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