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- PDB-9xa0: Structure of the Omicron KP.3.1.1 variant Spike N-terminal domain... -

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Entry
Database: PDB / ID: 9xa0
TitleStructure of the Omicron KP.3.1.1 variant Spike N-terminal domain(NTD)in complex with the C1717 Fab and S2L20 Fab
Components
  • C1717 heavy chain
  • C1717 light chain
  • S2L20 heavy chain
  • S2L20 light chain
  • Spike glycoprotein
KeywordsIMMUNE SYSTEM / Complex
Function / homology
Function and homology information


symbiont-mediated disruption of host tissue / Maturation of spike protein / host cell surface / Translation of Structural Proteins / Virion Assembly and Release / Lectin pathway of complement activation / host extracellular region / symbiont-mediated-mediated suppression of host tetherin activity / structural constituent of virion / Induction of Cell-Cell Fusion ...symbiont-mediated disruption of host tissue / Maturation of spike protein / host cell surface / Translation of Structural Proteins / Virion Assembly and Release / Lectin pathway of complement activation / host extracellular region / symbiont-mediated-mediated suppression of host tetherin activity / structural constituent of virion / Induction of Cell-Cell Fusion / positive regulation of viral entry into host cell / Initial triggering of complement / membrane fusion / host cell endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment membrane / Attachment and Entry / entry receptor-mediated virion attachment to host cell / receptor-mediated virion attachment to host cell / host cell surface receptor binding / symbiont-mediated suppression of host innate immune response / endocytosis involved in viral entry into host cell / receptor ligand activity / fusion of virus membrane with host plasma membrane / fusion of virus membrane with host endosome membrane / viral envelope / symbiont entry into host cell / virion attachment to host cell / host cell plasma membrane / SARS-CoV-2 activates/modulates innate and adaptive immune responses / virion membrane / membrane / identical protein binding / plasma membrane
Similarity search - Function
Spike (S) protein S1 subunit, receptor-binding domain, SARS-CoV-2 / Spike (S) protein S1 subunit, N-terminal domain, SARS-CoV-like / Coronavirus spike glycoprotein S1, C-terminal / Coronavirus spike glycoprotein S1, C-terminal / Spike glycoprotein, N-terminal domain superfamily / Spike S1 subunit, receptor binding domain superfamily, betacoronavirus / Spike glycoprotein, betacoronavirus / Betacoronavirus spike (S) glycoprotein S1 subunit N-terminal (NTD) domain profile. / Spike glycoprotein S1, N-terminal domain, betacoronavirus-like / Betacoronavirus-like spike glycoprotein S1, N-terminal ...Spike (S) protein S1 subunit, receptor-binding domain, SARS-CoV-2 / Spike (S) protein S1 subunit, N-terminal domain, SARS-CoV-like / Coronavirus spike glycoprotein S1, C-terminal / Coronavirus spike glycoprotein S1, C-terminal / Spike glycoprotein, N-terminal domain superfamily / Spike S1 subunit, receptor binding domain superfamily, betacoronavirus / Spike glycoprotein, betacoronavirus / Betacoronavirus spike (S) glycoprotein S1 subunit N-terminal (NTD) domain profile. / Spike glycoprotein S1, N-terminal domain, betacoronavirus-like / Betacoronavirus-like spike glycoprotein S1, N-terminal / Betacoronavirus spike (S) glycoprotein S1 subunit C-terminal (CTD) domain profile. / Spike (S) protein S1 subunit, receptor-binding domain, betacoronavirus / Betacoronavirus spike glycoprotein S1, receptor binding / Spike glycoprotein S2 superfamily, coronavirus / Spike glycoprotein S2, coronavirus, heptad repeat 1 / Spike glycoprotein S2, coronavirus, heptad repeat 2 / Coronavirus spike (S) glycoprotein S2 subunit heptad repeat 1 (HR1) region profile. / Coronavirus spike (S) glycoprotein S2 subunit heptad repeat 2 (HR2) region profile. / Spike glycoprotein S2, coronavirus / Coronavirus spike glycoprotein S2
Similarity search - Domain/homology
Biological speciesSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
Homo sapiens (human)
MethodX-RAY DIFFRACTION / SYNCHROTRON / MOLECULAR REPLACEMENT / Resolution: 3.51 Å
AuthorsZhou, J.J. / Gao, G.F.
Funding support China, 1items
OrganizationGrant numberCountry
Chinese Academy of Sciences China
CitationJournal: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A / Year: 2026
Title: A structural and mechanistic atlas of NTD antibody neutralization and immune escape across SARS-CoV-2 prototype and its (sub-)variants.
Authors: Jianjie Zhou / Wenyu Li / Xiaoyun Wang / Junqing Sun / Shuxin Guo / Xiaoyu Rong / Zhou Tong / Lianpan Dai / William Jun Liu / Jianxun Qi / George Fu Gao / Qihui Wang /
Abstract: The N-terminal domain (NTD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) is a critical antibody target, yet its epitope organization, neutralization mechanisms, and immune evasion strategies remain incompletely ...The N-terminal domain (NTD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) is a critical antibody target, yet its epitope organization, neutralization mechanisms, and immune evasion strategies remain incompletely resolved. Here, we classify NTD antibodies into nine spatially distinct classes (designated as NTD-1 to NTD-9), including a cryptic epitope defined here (NTD-8). Mechanistic studies reveal that NTD-5 and NTD-9 antibodies neutralize by inducing S1 shedding, thereby extending this mechanism to selected NTD-directed antibodies. Format profiling shows that while most NTD antibodies require bivalency, selected antibodies from NTD-3, NTD-5, and NTD-9 retain neutralizing activity in Fab form. Profiling 41 antibodies across prototype, Delta, and 17 Omicron subvariants defines an epitope-resolved escape landscape and enables dissection of three convergent evasion strategies: contact residue disruption, glycan shielding, and conformational remodeling. Notably, the KP.3.1.1 subvariant uses a dual escape mechanism in which ∆S31 introduces N30 glycosylation and substantially remodels the S27-R34 region, undermining recognition by both NTD-5 and NTD-9 antibodies. These findings provide a structural and mechanistic framework for rational vaccine and antibody design resilient to antigenic drift.
History
DepositionOct 22, 2025Deposition site: PDBJ / Processing site: PDBC
Revision 1.0Aug 5, 2026Provider: repository / Type: Initial release
Revision 1.1Sep 16, 2026Group: Database references / Category: citation / citation_author
Item: _citation.country / _citation.journal_abbrev ..._citation.country / _citation.journal_abbrev / _citation.journal_id_ASTM / _citation.journal_id_CSD / _citation.journal_id_ISSN / _citation.journal_volume / _citation.page_first / _citation.page_last / _citation.pdbx_database_id_DOI / _citation.pdbx_database_id_PubMed / _citation.title / _citation.year

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Structure visualization

Structure viewerMolecule:
MolmilJmol/JSmol

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Assembly

Deposited unit
C: Spike glycoprotein
D: C1717 heavy chain
E: C1717 light chain
A: S2L20 heavy chain
B: S2L20 light chain
hetero molecules


Theoretical massNumber of molelcules
Total (without water)134,17712
Polymers130,7045
Non-polymers3,4737
Water00
1


  • Idetical with deposited unit
  • defined by author&software
  • Evidence: gel filtration
TypeNameSymmetry operationNumber
identity operation1_555x,y,z1
Buried area17130 Å2
ΔGint20 kcal/mol
Surface area48050 Å2
MethodPISA
Unit cell
Length a, b, c (Å)69.300, 122.660, 151.000
Angle α, β, γ (deg.)90.000, 90.000, 90.000
Int Tables number19
Space group name H-MP212121
Space group name HallP2ac2ab
Symmetry operation#1: x,y,z
#2: x+1/2,-y+1/2,-z
#3: -x,y+1/2,-z+1/2
#4: -x+1/2,-y,z+1/2

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Components

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Protein , 1 types, 1 molecules C

#1: Protein Spike glycoprotein / S glycoprotein / E2 / Peplomer protein


Mass: 33806.992 Da / Num. of mol.: 1 / Fragment: NTD
Source method: isolated from a genetically manipulated source
Source: (gene. exp.) Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
Strain: KP.3.1.1 / Gene: S, 2 / Production host: Homo sapiens (human) / References: UniProt: P0DTC2

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Antibody , 4 types, 4 molecules DEAB

#2: Antibody C1717 heavy chain


Mass: 24979.047 Da / Num. of mol.: 1
Source method: isolated from a genetically manipulated source
Source: (gene. exp.) Homo sapiens (human) / Strain: Omicron / Production host: Homo sapiens (human)
#3: Antibody C1717 light chain


Mass: 22792.088 Da / Num. of mol.: 1
Source method: isolated from a genetically manipulated source
Source: (gene. exp.) Homo sapiens (human) / Production host: Homo sapiens (human)
#4: Antibody S2L20 heavy chain


Mass: 25449.395 Da / Num. of mol.: 1
Source method: isolated from a genetically manipulated source
Source: (gene. exp.) Homo sapiens (human) / Production host: Homo sapiens (human)
#5: Antibody S2L20 light chain


Mass: 23676.242 Da / Num. of mol.: 1
Source method: isolated from a genetically manipulated source
Source: (gene. exp.) Homo sapiens (human) / Production host: Homo sapiens (human)

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Sugars , 5 types, 7 molecules

#6: Polysaccharide 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose-(1-4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose


Type: oligosaccharide / Mass: 424.401 Da / Num. of mol.: 2
Source method: isolated from a genetically manipulated source
DescriptorTypeProgram
DGlcpNAcb1-4DGlcpNAcb1-Glycam Condensed SequenceGMML 1.0
WURCS=2.0/1,2,1/[a2122h-1b_1-5_2*NCC/3=O]/1-1/a4-b1WURCSPDB2Glycan 1.1.0
[]{[(4+1)][b-D-GlcpNAc]{[(4+1)][b-D-GlcpNAc]{}}}LINUCSPDB-CARE
#7: Polysaccharide alpha-D-mannopyranose-(1-6)-beta-D-mannopyranose-(1-4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose-(1- ...alpha-D-mannopyranose-(1-6)-beta-D-mannopyranose-(1-4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose-(1-4)-[alpha-L-fucopyranose-(1-6)]2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose


Type: oligosaccharide / Mass: 894.823 Da / Num. of mol.: 1
Source method: isolated from a genetically manipulated source
DescriptorTypeProgram
DManpa1-6DManpb1-4DGlcpNAcb1-4[LFucpa1-6]DGlcpNAcb1-Glycam Condensed SequenceGMML 1.0
WURCS=2.0/4,5,4/[a2122h-1b_1-5_2*NCC/3=O][a1122h-1b_1-5][a1122h-1a_1-5][a1221m-1a_1-5]/1-1-2-3-4/a4-b1_a6-e1_b4-c1_c6-d1WURCSPDB2Glycan 1.1.0
[]{[(4+1)][b-D-GlcpNAc]{[(4+1)][b-D-GlcpNAc]{[(4+1)][b-D-Manp]{[(6+1)][a-D-Manp]{}}}[(6+1)][a-L-Fucp]{}}}LINUCSPDB-CARE
#8: Polysaccharide alpha-L-fucopyranose-(1-6)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose


Type: oligosaccharide / Mass: 367.349 Da / Num. of mol.: 1
Source method: isolated from a genetically manipulated source
DescriptorTypeProgram
LFucpa1-6DGlcpNAcb1-Glycam Condensed SequenceGMML 1.0
WURCS=2.0/2,2,1/[a2122h-1b_1-5_2*NCC/3=O][a1221m-1a_1-5]/1-2/a6-b1WURCSPDB2Glycan 1.1.0
[]{[(4+1)][b-D-GlcpNAc]{[(6+1)][a-L-Fucp]{}}}LINUCSPDB-CARE
#9: Polysaccharide 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose-(1-4)-[alpha-L-fucopyranose-(1-6)]2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta- ...2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose-(1-4)-[alpha-L-fucopyranose-(1-6)]2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose


Type: oligosaccharide / Mass: 570.542 Da / Num. of mol.: 2
Source method: isolated from a genetically manipulated source
DescriptorTypeProgram
DGlcpNAcb1-4[LFucpa1-6]DGlcpNAcb1-Glycam Condensed SequenceGMML 1.0
WURCS=2.0/2,3,2/[a2122h-1b_1-5_2*NCC/3=O][a1221m-1a_1-5]/1-1-2/a4-b1_a6-c1WURCSPDB2Glycan 1.1.0
[]{[(4+1)][b-D-GlcpNAc]{[(4+1)][b-D-GlcpNAc]{}[(6+1)][a-L-Fucp]{}}}LINUCSPDB-CARE
#10: Sugar ChemComp-NAG / 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose / N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine / 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucose / 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose / 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-glucose / N-ACETYL-D-GLUCOSAMINE


Type: D-saccharide, beta linking / Mass: 221.208 Da / Num. of mol.: 1 / Fragment: NTD / Source method: obtained synthetically / Formula: C8H15NO6
IdentifierTypeProgram
DGlcpNAcbCONDENSED IUPAC CARBOHYDRATE SYMBOLGMML 1.0
N-acetyl-b-D-glucopyranosamineCOMMON NAMEGMML 1.0
b-D-GlcpNAcIUPAC CARBOHYDRATE SYMBOLPDB-CARE 1.0
GlcNAcSNFG CARBOHYDRATE SYMBOLGMML 1.0

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Details

Has ligand of interestN
Has protein modificationY

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Experimental details

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Experiment

ExperimentMethod: X-RAY DIFFRACTION / Number of used crystals: 1

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Sample preparation

CrystalDensity Matthews: 2.43 Å3/Da / Density % sol: 49.45 %
Crystal growTemperature: 289 K / Method: vapor diffusion, sitting drop
Details: 1% w/v Tryptone, 0.001 M Sodium azide, 0.05 M HEPES sodium pH 7.0, 12% w/v Polyethylene glycol 3,350

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Data collection

DiffractionMean temperature: 100 K / Serial crystal experiment: N
Diffraction sourceSource: SYNCHROTRON / Site: SSRF / Beamline: BL02U1 / Wavelength: 0.97925 Å
DetectorType: DECTRIS EIGER2 S 9M / Detector: PIXEL / Date: Nov 15, 2024
RadiationProtocol: SINGLE WAVELENGTH / Monochromatic (M) / Laue (L): M / Scattering type: x-ray
Radiation wavelengthWavelength: 0.97925 Å / Relative weight: 1
ReflectionResolution: 3.51→36.08 Å / Num. obs: 16636 / % possible obs: 99.5 % / Redundancy: 12.1 % / Biso Wilson estimate: 76.67 Å2 / CC1/2: 0.985 / Net I/σ(I): 6.1
Reflection shellResolution: 3.51→3.6 Å / Num. unique obs: 1206 / CC1/2: 0.74

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Processing

Software
NameVersionClassification
PHENIX1.21.1_5286refinement
xia2data reduction
xia2data scaling
PHASERphasing
RefinementMethod to determine structure: MOLECULAR REPLACEMENT / Resolution: 3.51→36.08 Å / SU ML: 0.5306 / Cross valid method: FREE R-VALUE / σ(F): 1.34 / Phase error: 30.1122
Stereochemistry target values: GeoStd + Monomer Library + CDL v1.2
RfactorNum. reflection% reflection
Rfree0.2923 778 4.69 %
Rwork0.2106 15808 -
obs0.2144 16586 99.42 %
Solvent computationShrinkage radii: 0.9 Å / VDW probe radii: 1.1 Å / Solvent model: FLAT BULK SOLVENT MODEL
Displacement parametersBiso mean: 79.16 Å2
Refinement stepCycle: LAST / Resolution: 3.51→36.08 Å
ProteinNucleic acidLigandSolventTotal
Num. atoms8827 0 230 0 9057
Refine LS restraints
Refine-IDTypeDev idealNumber
X-RAY DIFFRACTIONf_bond_d0.00299275
X-RAY DIFFRACTIONf_angle_d0.659712626
X-RAY DIFFRACTIONf_chiral_restr0.04861470
X-RAY DIFFRACTIONf_plane_restr0.01161593
X-RAY DIFFRACTIONf_dihedral_angle_d17.03533561
LS refinement shell
Resolution (Å)Rfactor RfreeNum. reflection RfreeRfactor RworkNum. reflection RworkRefine-ID% reflection obs (%)
3.51-3.730.39521270.27772563X-RAY DIFFRACTION99.37
3.73-4.020.35881170.24322599X-RAY DIFFRACTION99.31
4.02-4.420.23461210.20692609X-RAY DIFFRACTION99.16
4.42-5.060.25851300.1772622X-RAY DIFFRACTION99.71
5.06-6.370.27351320.20952656X-RAY DIFFRACTION99.79
6.37-36.080.29391510.19632759X-RAY DIFFRACTION99.22
Refinement TLS params.Method: refined / Origin x: 28.933263977 Å / Origin y: 15.4202069058 Å / Origin z: 22.2108151906 Å
111213212223313233
T0.552834865014 Å20.0925995187779 Å2-0.0294861968088 Å2-0.60858064099 Å2-0.0129418143014 Å2--0.483998142902 Å2
L0.686613238852 °20.439856238521 °20.0524180423364 °2-0.750814941489 °20.0609350499835 °2--0.207407939845 °2
S-0.0169484681313 Å °-0.150036678069 Å °0.012726478399 Å °0.0317058433233 Å °0.00259466840501 Å °-0.00080934215359 Å °-0.0261982736377 Å °-0.0215323566297 Å °0.0079846505787 Å °
Refinement TLS groupSelection details: all

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