[English] 日本語
Yorodumi
- PDB-7kwo: rFVIIIFc-VWF-XTEN (BIVV001) -

+
Open data


ID or keywords:

Loading...

-
Basic information

Entry
Database: PDB / ID: 7kwo
TitlerFVIIIFc-VWF-XTEN (BIVV001)
Components
  • Coagulation factor FVIII-Fc-XTEN
  • von Willebrand factor-XTEN-Fc
KeywordsBLOOD CLOTTING / Complex / Hemophilia / FVIII / VWF
Function / homology
Function and homology information


Defective F8 accelerates dissociation of the A2 domain / Defective F8 binding to the cell membrane / Defective F8 secretion / Gamma carboxylation, hypusinylation, hydroxylation, and arylsulfatase activation / Defective F8 sulfation at Y1699 / Weibel-Palade body / Defective F8 binding to von Willebrand factor / blood coagulation, intrinsic pathway / hemostasis / Platelet Adhesion to exposed collagen ...Defective F8 accelerates dissociation of the A2 domain / Defective F8 binding to the cell membrane / Defective F8 secretion / Gamma carboxylation, hypusinylation, hydroxylation, and arylsulfatase activation / Defective F8 sulfation at Y1699 / Weibel-Palade body / Defective F8 binding to von Willebrand factor / blood coagulation, intrinsic pathway / hemostasis / Platelet Adhesion to exposed collagen / platelet alpha granule / Cargo concentration in the ER / Defective factor IX causes thrombophilia / Defective cofactor function of FVIIIa variant / Defective F9 variant does not activate FX / COPII-mediated vesicle transport / positive regulation of intracellular signal transduction / GP1b-IX-V activation signalling / p130Cas linkage to MAPK signaling for integrins / COPII-coated ER to Golgi transport vesicle / cell-substrate adhesion / immunoglobulin binding / Defective F8 cleavage by thrombin / Platelet Aggregation (Plug Formation) / GRB2:SOS provides linkage to MAPK signaling for Integrins / Integrin cell surface interactions / Common Pathway of Fibrin Clot Formation / collagen binding / Intrinsic Pathway of Fibrin Clot Formation / extracellular matrix / endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment membrane / Integrin signaling / platelet alpha granule lumen / acute-phase response / Signaling by high-kinase activity BRAF mutants / MAP2K and MAPK activation / platelet activation / response to wounding / Golgi lumen / Signaling by RAF1 mutants / Signaling by moderate kinase activity BRAF mutants / Paradoxical activation of RAF signaling by kinase inactive BRAF / Signaling downstream of RAS mutants / Signaling by BRAF and RAF1 fusions / blood coagulation / integrin binding / Platelet degranulation / protein-folding chaperone binding / collagen-containing extracellular matrix / protease binding / oxidoreductase activity / cell adhesion / copper ion binding / endoplasmic reticulum lumen / endoplasmic reticulum / extracellular space / extracellular exosome / extracellular region / identical protein binding / plasma membrane
Similarity search - Function
Coagulation factor 5/8-like / von Willebrand factor, VWA N-terminal domain / Von Willebrand factor / VWA N-terminal / C8 domain / Uncharacterised domain, cysteine-rich / C8 / von Willebrand factor, type D domain / von Willebrand factor type D domain / VWFD domain profile. ...Coagulation factor 5/8-like / von Willebrand factor, VWA N-terminal domain / Von Willebrand factor / VWA N-terminal / C8 domain / Uncharacterised domain, cysteine-rich / C8 / von Willebrand factor, type D domain / von Willebrand factor type D domain / VWFD domain profile. / von Willebrand factor (vWF) type D domain / C-terminal cystine knot signature. / von Willebrand factor (vWF) type C domain / Trypsin Inhibitor-like, cysteine rich domain / Serine protease inhibitor-like superfamily / Trypsin Inhibitor like cysteine rich domain / C-terminal cystine knot domain profile. / Cystine knot, C-terminal / C-terminal cystine knot-like domain (CTCK) / von Willebrand factor type C domain / VWFC domain signature. / VWFC domain profile. / von Willebrand factor (vWF) type C domain / VWFC domain / Coagulation factors 5/8 type C domain (FA58C) signature 2. / Multicopper oxidases, conserved site / Multicopper oxidases signature 1. / Coagulation factors 5/8 type C domain (FA58C) signature 1. / Coagulation factor 5/8 C-terminal domain, discoidin domain / Coagulation factors 5/8 type C domain (FA58C) profile. / Multicopper oxidase, C-terminal / Multicopper oxidase / von Willebrand factor type A domain / F5/8 type C domain / Coagulation factor 5/8 C-terminal domain / Multicopper oxidase / Multicopper oxidase, N-terminal / Multicopper oxidase / von Willebrand factor (vWF) type A domain / VWFA domain profile. / von Willebrand factor, type A / von Willebrand factor A-like domain superfamily / Cupredoxin / Galactose-binding-like domain superfamily / Immunoglobulin C1-set domain
Similarity search - Domain/homology
COPPER (II) ION / Coagulation factor VIII / von Willebrand factor
Similarity search - Component
Biological speciesHomo sapiens (human)
MethodELECTRON MICROSCOPY / single particle reconstruction / cryo EM / Resolution: 2.9 Å
AuthorsFuller, J.R. / Batchelor, J.D.
Citation
Journal: Blood / Year: 2021
Title: Molecular determinants of the factor VIII/von Willebrand factor complex revealed by BIVV001 cryo-electron microscopy.
Authors: James R Fuller / Kevin E Knockenhauer / Nina C Leksa / Robert T Peters / Joseph D Batchelor
Abstract: Interaction of factor VIII (FVIII) with von Willebrand factor (VWF) is mediated by the VWF D'D3 domains and thrombin-mediated release is essential for hemostasis after vascular injury. VWF-D'D3 ...Interaction of factor VIII (FVIII) with von Willebrand factor (VWF) is mediated by the VWF D'D3 domains and thrombin-mediated release is essential for hemostasis after vascular injury. VWF-D'D3 mutations resulting in loss of FVIII binding are the underlying cause of von Willebrand disease (VWD) type 2N. Furthermore, the FVIII-VWF interaction has significant implications for the development of therapeutics for bleeding disorders, particularly hemophilia A, in which endogenous VWF clearance imposes a half-life ceiling on replacement FVIII therapy. To understand the structural basis of FVIII engagement by VWF, we solved the structure of BIVV001 by cryo-electron microscopy to 2.9 Å resolution. BIVV001 is a bioengineered clinical-stage FVIII molecule for the treatment of hemophilia A. In BIVV001, VWF-D'D3 is covalently linked to an Fc domain of a B domain-deleted recombinant FVIII (rFVIII) Fc fusion protein, resulting in a stabilized rFVIII/VWF-D'D3 complex. Our rFVIII/VWF structure resolves BIVV001 architecture and provides a detailed spatial understanding of previous biochemical and clinical observations related to FVIII-VWF engagement. Notably, the FVIII acidic a3 peptide region (FVIII-a3), established as a critical determinant of FVIII/VWF complex formation, inserts into a basic groove formed at the VWF-D'/rFVIII interface. Our structure shows direct interaction of sulfated Y1680 in FVIII-a3 and VWF-R816 that, when mutated, leads to severe hemophilia A or VWD type 2N, respectively. These results provide insight on this key coagulation complex, explain the structural basis of many hemophilia A and VWD type 2N mutations, and inform studies to further elucidate how VWF dissociates rapidly from FVIII upon activation.
#2: Journal: Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol / Year: 2019
Title: Macromolecular structure determination using X-rays, neutrons and electrons: recent developments in Phenix.
Authors: Dorothee Liebschner / Pavel V Afonine / Matthew L Baker / Gábor Bunkóczi / Vincent B Chen / Tristan I Croll / Bradley Hintze / Li Wei Hung / Swati Jain / Airlie J McCoy / Nigel W Moriarty ...Authors: Dorothee Liebschner / Pavel V Afonine / Matthew L Baker / Gábor Bunkóczi / Vincent B Chen / Tristan I Croll / Bradley Hintze / Li Wei Hung / Swati Jain / Airlie J McCoy / Nigel W Moriarty / Robert D Oeffner / Billy K Poon / Michael G Prisant / Randy J Read / Jane S Richardson / David C Richardson / Massimo D Sammito / Oleg V Sobolev / Duncan H Stockwell / Thomas C Terwilliger / Alexandre G Urzhumtsev / Lizbeth L Videau / Christopher J Williams / Paul D Adams /
Abstract: Diffraction (X-ray, neutron and electron) and electron cryo-microscopy are powerful methods to determine three-dimensional macromolecular structures, which are required to understand biological ...Diffraction (X-ray, neutron and electron) and electron cryo-microscopy are powerful methods to determine three-dimensional macromolecular structures, which are required to understand biological processes and to develop new therapeutics against diseases. The overall structure-solution workflow is similar for these techniques, but nuances exist because the properties of the reduced experimental data are different. Software tools for structure determination should therefore be tailored for each method. Phenix is a comprehensive software package for macromolecular structure determination that handles data from any of these techniques. Tasks performed with Phenix include data-quality assessment, map improvement, model building, the validation/rebuilding/refinement cycle and deposition. Each tool caters to the type of experimental data. The design of Phenix emphasizes the automation of procedures, where possible, to minimize repetitive and time-consuming manual tasks, while default parameters are chosen to encourage best practice. A graphical user interface provides access to many command-line features of Phenix and streamlines the transition between programs, project tracking and re-running of previous tasks.
#3: Journal: Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol / Year: 2018
Title: ISOLDE: a physically realistic environment for model building into low-resolution electron-density maps.
Authors: Tristan Ian Croll /
Abstract: This paper introduces ISOLDE, a new software package designed to provide an intuitive environment for high-fidelity interactive remodelling/refinement of macromolecular models into electron-density ...This paper introduces ISOLDE, a new software package designed to provide an intuitive environment for high-fidelity interactive remodelling/refinement of macromolecular models into electron-density maps. ISOLDE combines interactive molecular-dynamics flexible fitting with modern molecular-graphics visualization and established structural biology libraries to provide an immersive interface wherein the model constantly acts to maintain physically realistic conformations as the user interacts with it by directly tugging atoms with a mouse or haptic interface or applying/removing restraints. In addition, common validation tasks are accelerated and visualized in real time. Using the recently described 3.8 Å resolution cryo-EM structure of the eukaryotic minichromosome maintenance (MCM) helicase complex as a case study, it is demonstrated how ISOLDE can be used alongside other modern refinement tools to avoid common pitfalls of low-resolution modelling and improve the quality of the final model. A detailed analysis of changes between the initial and final model provides a somewhat sobering insight into the dangers of relying on a small number of validation metrics to judge the quality of a low-resolution model.
#4: Journal: Elife / Year: 2016
Title: Automated structure refinement of macromolecular assemblies from cryo-EM maps using Rosetta.
Authors: Ray Yu-Ruei Wang / Yifan Song / Benjamin A Barad / Yifan Cheng / James S Fraser / Frank DiMaio /
Abstract: Cryo-EM has revealed the structures of many challenging yet exciting macromolecular assemblies at near-atomic resolution (3-4.5Å), providing biological phenomena with molecular descriptions. ...Cryo-EM has revealed the structures of many challenging yet exciting macromolecular assemblies at near-atomic resolution (3-4.5Å), providing biological phenomena with molecular descriptions. However, at these resolutions, accurately positioning individual atoms remains challenging and error-prone. Manually refining thousands of amino acids - typical in a macromolecular assembly - is tedious and time-consuming. We present an automated method that can improve the atomic details in models that are manually built in near-atomic-resolution cryo-EM maps. Applying the method to three systems recently solved by cryo-EM, we are able to improve model geometry while maintaining the fit-to-density. Backbone placement errors are automatically detected and corrected, and the refinement shows a large radius of convergence. The results demonstrate that the method is amenable to structures with symmetry, of very large size, and containing RNA as well as covalently bound ligands. The method should streamline the cryo-EM structure determination process, providing accurate and unbiased atomic structure interpretation of such maps.
History
DepositionDec 1, 2020Deposition site: RCSB / Processing site: RCSB
Revision 1.0Mar 3, 2021Provider: repository / Type: Initial release
Revision 1.1Jun 9, 2021Group: Database references / Category: citation / citation_author
Item: _citation.journal_volume / _citation.page_first ..._citation.journal_volume / _citation.page_first / _citation.page_last / _citation_author.name

-
Structure visualization

Movie
  • Deposited structure unit
  • Imaged by Jmol
  • Download
  • Superimposition on EM map
  • EMDB-23057
  • Imaged by UCSF Chimera
  • Download
Movie viewer
Structure viewerMolecule:
MolmilJmol/JSmol

Downloads & links

-
Assembly

Deposited unit
A: Coagulation factor FVIII-Fc-XTEN
V: von Willebrand factor-XTEN-Fc
hetero molecules


Theoretical massNumber of molelcules
Total (without water)399,38310
Polymers397,9242
Non-polymers1,4598
Water0
1


  • Idetical with deposited unit
  • defined by author
  • Evidence: surface plasmon resonance, gel filtration
TypeNameSymmetry operationNumber
identity operation1_5551

-
Components

-
Protein , 2 types, 2 molecules AV

#1: Protein Coagulation factor FVIII-Fc-XTEN


Mass: 218874.969 Da / Num. of mol.: 1
Source method: isolated from a genetically manipulated source
Source: (gene. exp.) Homo sapiens (human) / Production host: Homo sapiens (human) / References: UniProt: P00451*PLUS
#2: Protein von Willebrand factor-XTEN-Fc


Mass: 179048.953 Da / Num. of mol.: 1 / Mutation: C1099A, C1142A
Source method: isolated from a genetically manipulated source
Source: (gene. exp.) Homo sapiens (human) / Production host: Homo sapiens (human) / References: UniProt: P04275*PLUS

-
Sugars , 2 types, 4 molecules

#3: Polysaccharide beta-D-mannopyranose-(1-4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose-(1-4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta- ...beta-D-mannopyranose-(1-4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose-(1-4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose


Type: oligosaccharide / Mass: 586.542 Da / Num. of mol.: 1
Source method: isolated from a genetically manipulated source
DescriptorTypeProgram
DManpb1-4DGlcpNAcb1-4DGlcpNAcb1-Glycam Condensed SequenceGMML 1.0
WURCS=2.0/2,3,2/[a2122h-1b_1-5_2*NCC/3=O][a1122h-1b_1-5]/1-1-2/a4-b1_b4-c1WURCSPDB2Glycan 1.1.0
[]{[(4+1)][b-D-GlcpNAc]{[(4+1)][b-D-GlcpNAc]{[(4+1)][b-D-Manp]{}}}}LINUCSPDB-CARE
#4: Sugar ChemComp-NAG / 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose / N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine / 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucose / 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose / 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-glucose / N-ACETYL-D-GLUCOSAMINE / N-Acetylglucosamine


Type: D-saccharide, beta linking / Mass: 221.208 Da / Num. of mol.: 3 / Source method: obtained synthetically / Formula: C8H15NO6
IdentifierTypeProgram
DGlcpNAcbCONDENSED IUPAC CARBOHYDRATE SYMBOLGMML 1.0
N-acetyl-b-D-glucopyranosamineCOMMON NAMEGMML 1.0
b-D-GlcpNAcIUPAC CARBOHYDRATE SYMBOLPDB-CARE 1.0
GlcNAcSNFG CARBOHYDRATE SYMBOLGMML 1.0

-
Non-polymers , 3 types, 4 molecules

#5: Chemical ChemComp-CA / CALCIUM ION


Mass: 40.078 Da / Num. of mol.: 2 / Source method: obtained synthetically / Formula: Ca
#6: Chemical ChemComp-ZN / ZINC ION


Mass: 65.409 Da / Num. of mol.: 1 / Source method: obtained synthetically / Formula: Zn
#7: Chemical ChemComp-CU / COPPER (II) ION / Copper


Mass: 63.546 Da / Num. of mol.: 1 / Source method: obtained synthetically / Formula: Cu

-
Details

Compound detailsCoagulation factor FVIII-Fc-XTEN is fusion protein of human coagulation factor VIII (Uniprot: ...Coagulation factor FVIII-Fc-XTEN is fusion protein of human coagulation factor VIII (Uniprot: P00451), XTEN polypeptide, and Immunoglobulin heavy constant gamma 1 (UniProt: P01857). von Willebrand factor-XTEN-Fc is fusion protein of human von Willebrand factor (VWF) (Uniprot: P04275), XTEN polypeptide, and Immunoglobulin heavy constant gamma 1 (UniProt: P01857).
Has ligand of interestY

-
Experimental details

-
Experiment

ExperimentMethod: ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
EM experimentAggregation state: PARTICLE / 3D reconstruction method: single particle reconstruction

-
Sample preparation

ComponentName: rFVIIIFc-VWF-XTEN (BIVV001) / Type: COMPLEX
Details: An engineered therapeutic complex between coagulation factor VIII and von Willebrand factor D'D3
Entity ID: #1-#2 / Source: RECOMBINANT
Molecular weightValue: 0.31164974 MDa / Experimental value: NO
Source (natural)Organism: Homo sapiens (human)
Source (recombinant)Organism: Homo sapiens (human)
Buffer solution
IDSpecimen-IDpHDetails
117.3NP-40s detergent was added to samples immediately prior to vitrification, to a final concentration of 0.0038 % (weight/volume).
227.3NP-40s detergent was added to samples immediately prior to vitrification, to a final concentration of 0.0038 % (weight/volume).
Buffer component
IDConc.NameFormulaBuffer-ID
1150 mMsodium chlorideNaClSodium chloride1
22.5 mMcalcium chlorideCaCl21
325 mMHEPESC8H18N2O4S1
40.0038 %NP-40 Alternative (CAS 9016-45-9)C15H24O(C2H4O)n1
5150 mMsodium chlorideNaClSodium chloride2
62.5 mMcalcium chlorideCaCl22
725 mMHEPESC8H18N2O4S2
80.0038 %NP-40 Alternative (CAS 9016-45-9)C15H24O(C2H4O)n2
Specimen

Experiment-ID: 1 / Conc.: 0.75 mg/ml / Embedding applied: NO / Shadowing applied: NO / Staining applied: NO / Vitrification applied: YES / Details: Prepared by gel filtration chromatography immediately prior to vitrification.

ID
1
2
Specimen support
IDSpecimen-IDGrid materialGrid mesh size (divisions/in.)Grid type
11GOLD300UltrAuFoil R1.2/1.3
22GOLD400C-flat-1.2/1.3
Vitrification
IDInstrumentCryogen nameHumidity (%)Specimen-IDChamber temperature (K)Entry-ID
1FEI VITROBOT MARK IVETHANE10012917KWO
2FEI VITROBOT MARK IVETHANE10022917KWO

-
Electron microscopy imaging

Experimental equipment
Model: Titan Krios / Image courtesy: FEI Company
MicroscopyModel: FEI TITAN KRIOS
Electron gunElectron source: FIELD EMISSION GUN / Accelerating voltage: 300 kV / Illumination mode: FLOOD BEAM
Electron lensMode: BRIGHT FIELDBright-field microscopy / Nominal magnification: 81000 X / Nominal defocus max: 2600 nm / Nominal defocus min: 1200 nm / Cs: 2.7 mm / Alignment procedure: COMA FREE
Specimen holderCryogen: NITROGEN / Specimen holder model: FEI TITAN KRIOS AUTOGRID HOLDER
Image recordingElectron dose: 40 e/Å2 / Film or detector model: GATAN K3 BIOQUANTUM (6k x 4k)
EM imaging opticsEnergyfilter name: GIF Bioquantum / Energyfilter slit width: 20 eV
Image scansWidth: 11520 / Height: 8184

-
Processing

Software
NameVersionClassificationNB
phenix.real_space_refine1.18.2_3874+SVNrefinement
PHENIX1.18.2_3874+SVNrefinement
EM software
IDNameVersionCategory
2SerialEM3.7image acquisition
4CTFFIND4.1.13CTF correction
7UCSF Chimera1.13model fitting
8Coot0.8.9.2model fitting
10cisTEM1.0.0betainitial Euler assignment
11RELION3.1final Euler assignment
12RELION3.1classification
13RELION3.13D reconstruction
14PHENIX1.18model refinement
15Coot0.8.9.2model refinement
16Rosetta3.1model refinement
17ISOLDE1.0b3model refinement
Image processingDetails: Micrograph movies were motion-corrected and dose-weighted using Relion 3.0
CTF correctionType: PHASE FLIPPING AND AMPLITUDE CORRECTION
SymmetryPoint symmetry: C1 (asymmetric)
3D reconstructionResolution: 2.9 Å / Resolution method: FSC 0.143 CUT-OFF / Num. of particles: 116200 / Num. of class averages: 1 / Symmetry type: POINT
Atomic model buildingProtocol: FLEXIBLE FIT / Space: REAL
Atomic model building
IDPDB-IDPdb chain-ID 3D fitting-ID
16MF2A1
26N29V1
RefinementCross valid method: NONE
Stereochemistry target values: GeoStd + Monomer Library + CDL v1.2
Displacement parametersBiso mean: 32.14 Å2
Refine LS restraints
Refine-IDTypeDev idealNumber
ELECTRON MICROSCOPYf_bond_d0.002913818
ELECTRON MICROSCOPYf_angle_d0.554218739
ELECTRON MICROSCOPYf_chiral_restr0.0452046
ELECTRON MICROSCOPYf_plane_restr0.00342385
ELECTRON MICROSCOPYf_dihedral_angle_d9.66155031

+
About Yorodumi

-
News

-
Feb 9, 2022. New format data for meta-information of EMDB entries

New format data for meta-information of EMDB entries

  • Version 3 of the EMDB header file is now the official format.
  • The previous official version 1.9 will be removed from the archive.

Related info.:EMDB header

External links:wwPDB to switch to version 3 of the EMDB data model

-
Aug 12, 2020. Covid-19 info

Covid-19 info

URL: https://pdbj.org/emnavi/covid19.php

New page: Covid-19 featured information page in EM Navigator.

Related info.:Covid-19 info / Mar 5, 2020. Novel coronavirus structure data

+
Mar 5, 2020. Novel coronavirus structure data

Novel coronavirus structure data

Related info.:Yorodumi Speices / Aug 12, 2020. Covid-19 info

External links:COVID-19 featured content - PDBj / Molecule of the Month (242):Coronavirus Proteases

+
Jan 31, 2019. EMDB accession codes are about to change! (news from PDBe EMDB page)

EMDB accession codes are about to change! (news from PDBe EMDB page)

  • The allocation of 4 digits for EMDB accession codes will soon come to an end. Whilst these codes will remain in use, new EMDB accession codes will include an additional digit and will expand incrementally as the available range of codes is exhausted. The current 4-digit format prefixed with “EMD-” (i.e. EMD-XXXX) will advance to a 5-digit format (i.e. EMD-XXXXX), and so on. It is currently estimated that the 4-digit codes will be depleted around Spring 2019, at which point the 5-digit format will come into force.
  • The EM Navigator/Yorodumi systems omit the EMD- prefix.

Related info.:Q: What is EMD? / ID/Accession-code notation in Yorodumi/EM Navigator

External links:EMDB Accession Codes are Changing Soon! / Contact to PDBj

+
Jul 12, 2017. Major update of PDB

Major update of PDB

  • wwPDB released updated PDB data conforming to the new PDBx/mmCIF dictionary.
  • This is a major update changing the version number from 4 to 5, and with Remediation, in which all the entries are updated.
  • In this update, many items about electron microscopy experimental information are reorganized (e.g. em_software).
  • Now, EM Navigator and Yorodumi are based on the updated data.

External links:wwPDB Remediation / Enriched Model Files Conforming to OneDep Data Standards Now Available in the PDB FTP Archive

-
Yorodumi

Thousand views of thousand structures

  • Yorodumi is a browser for structure data from EMDB, PDB, SASBDB, etc.
  • This page is also the successor to EM Navigator detail page, and also detail information page/front-end page for Omokage search.
  • The word "yorodu" (or yorozu) is an old Japanese word meaning "ten thousand". "mi" (miru) is to see.

Related info.:EMDB / PDB / SASBDB / Comparison of 3 databanks / Yorodumi Search / Aug 31, 2016. New EM Navigator & Yorodumi / Yorodumi Papers / Jmol/JSmol / Function and homology information / Changes in new EM Navigator and Yorodumi

Read more