outer dynein arm docking complex / protein localization to motile cilium / regulation of cilium movement / outer acrosomal membrane / epithelial cilium movement involved in determination of left/right asymmetry / regulation of brood size / establishment of left/right asymmetry / 9+0 motile cilium / mucociliary clearance / sperm flagellum assembly ...outer dynein arm docking complex / protein localization to motile cilium / regulation of cilium movement / outer acrosomal membrane / epithelial cilium movement involved in determination of left/right asymmetry / regulation of brood size / establishment of left/right asymmetry / 9+0 motile cilium / mucociliary clearance / sperm flagellum assembly / manchette assembly / axonemal B tubule inner sheath / axonemal A tubule inner sheath / regulation of flagellated sperm motility / protein polyglutamylation / inner dynein arm assembly / regulation of calcineurin-NFAT signaling cascade / Microtubule-dependent trafficking of connexons from Golgi to the plasma membrane / Cilium Assembly / Intraflagellar transport / Carboxyterminal post-translational modifications of tubulin / Sealing of the nuclear envelope (NE) by ESCRT-III / Kinesins / positive regulation of feeding behavior / Resolution of Sister Chromatid Cohesion / Mitotic Prometaphase / EML4 and NUDC in mitotic spindle formation / outer dynein arm assembly / cilium-dependent cell motility / 9+0 non-motile cilium / COPI-dependent Golgi-to-ER retrograde traffic / COPI-independent Golgi-to-ER retrograde traffic / COPI-mediated anterograde transport / Transferases; Transferring phosphorus-containing groups / sperm principal piece / RHO GTPases activate IQGAPs / regulation of cilium beat frequency involved in ciliary motility / cerebrospinal fluid circulation / RHO GTPases Activate Formins / cilium movement involved in cell motility / 9+2 motile cilium / MHC class II antigen presentation / regulation of store-operated calcium entry / HSP90 chaperone cycle for steroid hormone receptors (SHR) in the presence of ligand / acrosomal membrane / regulation of cilium assembly / axoneme assembly / cilium movement / ciliary transition zone / Aggrephagy / calcium ion sensor activity / axonemal microtubule / The role of GTSE1 in G2/M progression after G2 checkpoint / Separation of Sister Chromatids / cilium organization / Loss of Nlp from mitotic centrosomes / Recruitment of mitotic centrosome proteins and complexes / Loss of proteins required for interphase microtubule organization from the centrosome / Anchoring of the basal body to the plasma membrane / AURKA Activation by TPX2 / Recruitment of NuMA to mitotic centrosomes / ciliary tip / gamma-tubulin ring complex / ciliary rootlet / manchette / Regulation of PLK1 Activity at G2/M Transition / Hedgehog 'off' state / flagellated sperm motility / UTP biosynthetic process / CTP biosynthetic process / determination of left/right symmetry / Neutrophil degranulation / positive regulation of cell motility / nucleoside diphosphate kinase activity / motile cilium / GTP biosynthetic process / AMP binding / ciliary base / regulation of neuron projection development / cerebral cortex cell migration / microtubule organizing center / regulation of cell division / mitotic cytokinesis / cellular response to UV-C / axoneme / cilium assembly / glial cell projection / spermatid development / regulation of signal transduction / alpha-tubulin binding / sperm flagellum / single fertilization / beta-tubulin binding / intercellular bridge / cytoplasmic microtubule / sperm midpiece / Hsp70 protein binding / 3'-5' exonuclease activity / centriole / acrosomal vesicle Similarity search - Function
Outer dynein arm-docking complex subunit 4 / : / Protein of unknown function DUF4541 / Cilia and flagella associated protein 90 / Protein of unknown function DUF4586 / Outer dynein arm-docking complex subunit 3 / Cilia-and flagella-associated protein 96 / Sperm-tail PG-rich repeat / DJBP, EF-hand domain / FAM183 family ...Outer dynein arm-docking complex subunit 4 / : / Protein of unknown function DUF4541 / Cilia and flagella associated protein 90 / Protein of unknown function DUF4586 / Outer dynein arm-docking complex subunit 3 / Cilia-and flagella-associated protein 96 / Sperm-tail PG-rich repeat / DJBP, EF-hand domain / FAM183 family / Sperm-tail PG-rich repeat / EF-hand domain / FAM183A and FAM183B related / Sperm-associated antigen 8 / Cilia- and flagella-associated protein 95 / NDPK7, first NDPk domain / Cilia- and flagella-associated protein 107 / : / : / : / Protein CFAP95 / ODAD1 central coiled coil region / Cilia- and flagella-associated protein 143 / Cilia and flagella associated protein 107 / Tektin / Cilia- and flagella-associated protein 276 / Sperm acrosome-associated protein 9 / : / Tektin family / Protein of unknown function (DUF3695) / Sperm acrosome-associated protein 9 / Uncharacterised protein FAM166/UPF0605 / Cilia- and flagella-associated protein 77 / Protein Flattop / Ciliary microtubule inner protein 2B-like / Cilia- and flagella-associated protein 77 / Flattop / Nucleoside diphosphate kinase 7 / Piercer of microtubule wall 1/2 / Piercer of microtubule wall 1/2 / Cilia- and flagella-associated protein 141 / Cilia- and flagella-associated protein 141 / Cilia- and flagella-associated protein 161-like domain / : / EFHB C-terminal EF-hand domain / : / Nucleoside diphosphate kinase 7 N-terminal PH domain / Meiosis-specific nuclear structural protein 1 / Cilia- and flagella-associated protein 45 / NDPK7, second NDPk domain / Cilia- and flagella- associated protein 210 / CFAP53/TCHP / Trichohyalin-plectin-homology domain / Trichohyalin-plectin-homology domain / RIB43A / RIB43A / DM10 domain / EF-hand domain-containing protein EFHC1/EFHC2/EFHB / DM10 domain / DM10 domain profile. / Domains in hypothetical proteins in Drosophila, C. elegans and mammals. Occurs singly in some nucleoside diphosphate kinases. / Enkurin domain / : / Calmodulin-binding / Enkurin domain profile. / : / CFA20 domain / Cilia- and flagella-associated protein 20/CFAP20DC / CFA20 domain / Recoverin family / Parkin co-regulated protein / Parkin co-regulated protein / EF hand / Nucleoside diphosphate kinase / Nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK)-like domain profile. / Nucleoside diphosphate kinase-like domain / Nucleoside diphosphate kinase / NDK / Nucleoside diphosphate kinase-like domain superfamily / EF-hand domain pair / Armadillo/plakoglobin ARM repeat profile. / Armadillo/beta-catenin-like repeat / Armadillo/beta-catenin-like repeats / Armadillo / Tetratricopeptide repeat / TPR repeat region circular profile. / Alpha tubulin / Tubulin-beta mRNA autoregulation signal. / Beta tubulin, autoregulation binding site / Beta tubulin / TPR repeat profile. / Tubulin / Tubulin, C-terminal / Tubulin C-terminal domain / Tubulin, conserved site / Tubulin subunits alpha, beta, and gamma signature. / Tetratricopeptide repeats / Tubulin/FtsZ family, C-terminal domain / Tubulin/FtsZ-like, C-terminal domain / Tubulin/FtsZ, C-terminal Similarity search - Domain/homology
Piercer of microtubule wall 2 protein / Cilia and flagella associated protein 77 / Cilia and flagella associated protein 90 / Sperm acrosome associated 9 / EF-hand domain-containing family member C2 / Ciliary microtubule associated protein 1C / EF-hand calcium-binding domain-containing protein 6 / Outer dynein arm-docking complex subunit 4 / Parkin coregulated gene protein / Tektin-3 ...Piercer of microtubule wall 2 protein / Cilia and flagella associated protein 77 / Cilia and flagella associated protein 90 / Sperm acrosome associated 9 / EF-hand domain-containing family member C2 / Ciliary microtubule associated protein 1C / EF-hand calcium-binding domain-containing protein 6 / Outer dynein arm-docking complex subunit 4 / Parkin coregulated gene protein / Tektin-3 / Outer dynein arm-docking complex subunit 3 / Cilia- and flagella-associated protein 144 / Enkurin / Outer dynein arm-docking complex subunit 2 / Cilia- and flagella-associated protein 276 / Cilia- and flagella- associated protein 210 / Cilia- and flagella-associated protein 52 / EF-hand domain-containing protein 1 / Sperm-associated antigen 8 / EF-hand domain-containing family member B / Outer dynein arm-docking complex subunit 1 / Cilia-and flagella-associated protein 96 / Cilia- and flagella-associated protein 53 / Cilia- and flagella-associated protein 161 / Tubulin alpha-1D chain / Meiosis-specific nuclear structural protein 1 / Tektin-2 / Cilia- and flagella-associated protein 107 / Tektin-4 / Ciliary microtubule inner protein 2B / Tektin-1 / Calaxin / Cilia- and flagella-associated protein 141 / Cilia- and flagella-associated protein 95 / RIB43A-like with coiled-coils protein 2 / Cilia- and flagella-associated protein 45 / Piercer of microtubule wall 1 protein / Tubulin beta-4B chain / Protein Flattop / Nucleoside diphosphate kinase homolog 7 / Cilia- and flagella-associated protein 20 Similarity search - Component
Biological species
Bos taurus (domestic cattle)
Method
single particle reconstruction / cryo EM / Resolution: 3.52 Å
National Institutes of Health/National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIH/NIGMS)
1R01 GM138854
United States
Citation
Journal: Nature / Year: 2025 Title: Structural diversity of axonemes across mammalian motile cilia. Authors: Miguel Ricardo Leung / Chen Sun / Jianwei Zeng / Jacob R Anderson / Qingwei Niu / Wei Huang / Willem E M Noteborn / Alan Brown / Tzviya Zeev-Ben-Mordehai / Rui Zhang / Abstract: Reproduction, development and homeostasis depend on motile cilia, whose rhythmic beating is powered by a microtubule-based molecular machine called the axoneme. Although an atomic model of the ...Reproduction, development and homeostasis depend on motile cilia, whose rhythmic beating is powered by a microtubule-based molecular machine called the axoneme. Although an atomic model of the axoneme is available for the alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, structures of mammalian axonemes are incomplete. Furthermore, we do not fully understand how molecular structures of axonemes vary across motile-ciliated cell types in the body. Here we use cryoelectron microscopy, cryoelectron tomography and proteomics to resolve the 96-nm modular repeat of axonemal doublet microtubules (DMTs) from both sperm flagella and epithelial cilia of the oviduct, brain ventricles and respiratory tract. We find that sperm DMTs are the most specialized, with epithelial cilia having only minor differences across tissues. We build a model of the mammalian sperm DMT, defining the positions and interactions of 181 proteins including 34 newly identified proteins. We elucidate the composition of radial spoke 3 and uncover binding sites of kinases associated with regeneration of ATP and regulation of ciliary motility. We discover a sperm-specific, axoneme-tethered T-complex protein ring complex (TRiC) chaperone that may contribute to construction or maintenance of the long flagella of mammalian sperm. We resolve axonemal dyneins in their prestroke states, illuminating conformational changes that occur during ciliary movement. Our results illustrate how elements of chemical and mechanical regulation are embedded within the axoneme, providing valuable resources for understanding the aetiology of ciliopathy and infertility, and exemplifying the discovery power of modern structural biology.
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