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- PDB-9dn6: Insulin receptor bound with de novo designed agonist called "RF-405". -

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Basic information

Entry
Database: PDB / ID: 9dn6
TitleInsulin receptor bound with de novo designed agonist called "RF-405".
Components
  • De novo designed IR agonist RF-405
  • Isoform Short of Insulin receptor
KeywordsSIGNALING PROTEIN / Insulin receptor / de novo designed agonist
Function / homology
Function and homology information


regulation of female gonad development / positive regulation of meiotic cell cycle / insulin-like growth factor II binding / positive regulation of developmental growth / male sex determination / insulin receptor complex / insulin-like growth factor I binding / positive regulation of protein-containing complex disassembly / insulin receptor activity / exocrine pancreas development ...regulation of female gonad development / positive regulation of meiotic cell cycle / insulin-like growth factor II binding / positive regulation of developmental growth / male sex determination / insulin receptor complex / insulin-like growth factor I binding / positive regulation of protein-containing complex disassembly / insulin receptor activity / exocrine pancreas development / dendritic spine maintenance / cargo receptor activity / insulin binding / adrenal gland development / PTB domain binding / neuronal cell body membrane / Signaling by Insulin receptor / IRS activation / positive regulation of respiratory burst / amyloid-beta clearance / positive regulation of receptor internalization / regulation of embryonic development / insulin receptor substrate binding / epidermis development / protein kinase activator activity / positive regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process / Signal attenuation / heart morphogenesis / transport across blood-brain barrier / phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase binding / Insulin receptor recycling / insulin-like growth factor receptor binding / dendrite membrane / neuron projection maintenance / positive regulation of mitotic nuclear division / receptor-mediated endocytosis / Insulin receptor signalling cascade / positive regulation of glycolytic process / positive regulation of D-glucose import / learning / receptor protein-tyrosine kinase / caveola / cellular response to growth factor stimulus / receptor internalization / memory / male gonad development / cellular response to insulin stimulus / positive regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process / insulin receptor signaling pathway / late endosome / glucose homeostasis / amyloid-beta binding / protein autophosphorylation / PI5P, PP2A and IER3 Regulate PI3K/AKT Signaling / protein tyrosine kinase activity / lysosome / positive regulation of canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction / positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction / receptor complex / positive regulation of MAPK cascade / endosome membrane / positive regulation of cell migration / G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway / protein domain specific binding / axon / external side of plasma membrane / positive regulation of cell population proliferation / regulation of DNA-templated transcription / symbiont entry into host cell / positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription / GTP binding / protein-containing complex binding / extracellular exosome / ATP binding / identical protein binding / membrane / plasma membrane
Similarity search - Function
Insulin receptor, trans-membrane domain / Insulin receptor trans-membrane segment / Tyrosine-protein kinase, insulin-like receptor / Tyrosine-protein kinase, receptor class II, conserved site / Receptor tyrosine kinase class II signature. / Receptor L-domain / Furin-like cysteine-rich domain / Receptor L-domain superfamily / Furin-like cysteine rich region / Receptor L domain ...Insulin receptor, trans-membrane domain / Insulin receptor trans-membrane segment / Tyrosine-protein kinase, insulin-like receptor / Tyrosine-protein kinase, receptor class II, conserved site / Receptor tyrosine kinase class II signature. / Receptor L-domain / Furin-like cysteine-rich domain / Receptor L-domain superfamily / Furin-like cysteine rich region / Receptor L domain / Furin-like repeat / Furin-like repeats / Fibronectin type III domain / Growth factor receptor cysteine-rich domain superfamily / : / Fibronectin type 3 domain / Fibronectin type-III domain profile. / Fibronectin type III / Fibronectin type III superfamily / Tyrosine-protein kinase, catalytic domain / Tyrosine kinase, catalytic domain / Tyrosine protein kinases specific active-site signature. / Tyrosine-protein kinase, active site / Serine-threonine/tyrosine-protein kinase, catalytic domain / Protein tyrosine and serine/threonine kinase / Protein kinase, ATP binding site / Protein kinases ATP-binding region signature. / Immunoglobulin-like fold / Protein kinase domain profile. / Protein kinase domain / Protein kinase-like domain superfamily
Similarity search - Domain/homology
Biological speciessynthetic construct (others)
Homo sapiens (human)
MethodELECTRON MICROSCOPY / single particle reconstruction / cryo EM / Resolution: 4 Å
AuthorsBai, X.C.
Funding support United States, 1items
OrganizationGrant numberCountry
National Institutes of Health/National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIH/NIGMS) United States
CitationJournal: Mol Cell / Year: 2025
Title: Tuning insulin receptor signaling using de novo-designed agonists.
Authors: Xinru Wang / Sarah Cardoso / Kai Cai / Preetham Venkatesh / Albert Hung / Michelle Ng / Catherine Hall / Brian Coventry / David S Lee / Rishabh Chowhan / Stacey Gerben / Jie Li / Weidong An ...Authors: Xinru Wang / Sarah Cardoso / Kai Cai / Preetham Venkatesh / Albert Hung / Michelle Ng / Catherine Hall / Brian Coventry / David S Lee / Rishabh Chowhan / Stacey Gerben / Jie Li / Weidong An / Mara Hon / Michael Gao / Ya-Cheng Liao / Domenico Accili / Eunhee Choi / Xiao-Chen Bai / David Baker /
Abstract: Insulin binding induces conformational changes in the insulin receptor (IR) that activate the intracellular kinase domain and the protein kinase B (AKT) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) ...Insulin binding induces conformational changes in the insulin receptor (IR) that activate the intracellular kinase domain and the protein kinase B (AKT) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, regulating metabolism and proliferation. We reasoned that designed agonists inducing different IR conformational changes might induce different downstream responses. We used de novo protein design to generate binders for individual IR extracellular domains and fused them in different orientations with different conformational flexibility. We obtained a series of synthetic IR agonists that elicit a wide range of receptor autophosphorylation, MAPK activation, trafficking, and proliferation responses. We identified designs more potent than insulin, causing longer-lasting glucose lowering in vivo and retaining activity on disease-causing IR mutants, while largely avoiding the cancer cell proliferation induced by insulin. Our findings shed light on how changes in IR conformation and dynamics translate into downstream signaling, and with further development, our synthetic agonists could have therapeutic utility for metabolic and proliferative diseases.
History
DepositionSep 16, 2024Deposition site: RCSB / Processing site: RCSB
Revision 1.0Oct 1, 2025Provider: repository / Type: Initial release
Revision 1.0Oct 1, 2025Data content type: EM metadata / Data content type: EM metadata / Provider: repository / Type: Initial release
Revision 1.0Oct 1, 2025Data content type: Half map / Part number: 1 / Data content type: Half map / Provider: repository / Type: Initial release
Revision 1.0Oct 1, 2025Data content type: Half map / Part number: 2 / Data content type: Half map / Provider: repository / Type: Initial release
Revision 1.0Oct 1, 2025Data content type: Image / Data content type: Image / Provider: repository / Type: Initial release
Revision 1.0Oct 1, 2025Data content type: Primary map / Data content type: Primary map / Provider: repository / Type: Initial release
Revision 1.1Oct 29, 2025Group: Data collection / Database references / Category: citation / citation_author / em_admin
Item: _citation.country / _citation.journal_abbrev ..._citation.country / _citation.journal_abbrev / _citation.journal_id_ASTM / _citation.journal_id_CSD / _citation.journal_id_ISSN / _citation.pdbx_database_id_DOI / _citation.pdbx_database_id_PubMed / _citation.title / _citation.year / _em_admin.last_update
Revision 1.2Nov 19, 2025Group: Data collection / Database references / Category: citation / em_admin
Item: _citation.journal_volume / _citation.page_first / _em_admin.last_update

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Structure visualization

Structure viewerMolecule:
MolmilJmol/JSmol

Downloads & links

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Assembly

Deposited unit
A: De novo designed IR agonist RF-405
B: De novo designed IR agonist RF-405
C: Isoform Short of Insulin receptor
D: Isoform Short of Insulin receptor


Theoretical massNumber of molelcules
Total (without water)341,2364
Polymers341,2364
Non-polymers00
Water00
1


  • Idetical with deposited unit
  • defined by author&software
  • Evidence: electron microscopy, not applicable
TypeNameSymmetry operationNumber
identity operation1_555x,y,z1

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Components

#1: Protein De novo designed IR agonist RF-405


Mass: 15288.688 Da / Num. of mol.: 2
Source method: isolated from a genetically manipulated source
Source: (gene. exp.) synthetic construct (others) / Production host: Escherichia coli (E. coli)
#2: Protein Isoform Short of Insulin receptor / IR


Mass: 155329.094 Da / Num. of mol.: 2
Source method: isolated from a genetically manipulated source
Source: (gene. exp.) Homo sapiens (human) / Gene: INSR / Production host: Homo sapiens (human)
References: UniProt: P06213, receptor protein-tyrosine kinase
Has protein modificationY

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Experimental details

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Experiment

ExperimentMethod: ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
EM experimentAggregation state: PARTICLE / 3D reconstruction method: single particle reconstruction

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Sample preparation

ComponentName: Insulin receptor bound with de novo designed agonist RF-405
Type: COMPLEX / Entity ID: all / Source: RECOMBINANT
Molecular weightValue: 0.4 MDa / Experimental value: YES
Source (natural)Organism: Homo sapiens (human)
Source (recombinant)Organism: Homo sapiens (human)
Buffer solutionpH: 7.4
SpecimenEmbedding applied: NO / Shadowing applied: NO / Staining applied: NO / Vitrification applied: YES
Specimen supportGrid material: GOLD / Grid mesh size: 300 divisions/in. / Grid type: Quantifoil
VitrificationCryogen name: ETHANE

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Electron microscopy imaging

Experimental equipment
Model: Titan Krios / Image courtesy: FEI Company
MicroscopyModel: TFS KRIOS
Electron gunElectron source: FIELD EMISSION GUN / Accelerating voltage: 300 kV / Illumination mode: FLOOD BEAM
Electron lensMode: BRIGHT FIELD / Nominal defocus max: 2200 nm / Nominal defocus min: 1200 nm / Alignment procedure: COMA FREE
Specimen holderCryogen: NITROGEN / Specimen holder model: FEI TITAN KRIOS AUTOGRID HOLDER
Image recordingElectron dose: 60 e/Å2 / Film or detector model: GATAN K3 BIOQUANTUM (6k x 4k)
EM imaging opticsEnergyfilter name: GIF Bioquantum / Energyfilter slit width: 20 eV

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Processing

EM software
IDNameCategory
1RELIONparticle selection
2SerialEMimage acquisition
4GctfCTF correction
7Cootmodel fitting
9RELIONinitial Euler assignment
10RELIONfinal Euler assignment
11RELIONclassification
12RELION3D reconstruction
13PHENIXmodel refinement
CTF correctionType: PHASE FLIPPING AND AMPLITUDE CORRECTION
SymmetryPoint symmetry: C2 (2 fold cyclic)
3D reconstructionResolution: 4 Å / Resolution method: FSC 0.143 CUT-OFF / Num. of particles: 66409 / Symmetry type: POINT

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