National Institutes of Health/National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIH/NIGMS)
GM038660
United States
National Institutes of Health/National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIH/NIGMS)
GM118130
United States
Citation
Journal: bioRxiv / Year: 2026 Title: ppGpp regulates transcription elongation via direct and indirect inputs to RNA polymerase pausing and nucleotide addition. Authors: Andreas U Mueller / Rachel A Mooney / Michael D Engstrom / Yu Bao / Michael B Wolfe / Balendra Sah / Jonathan Buscher / Jason Saba / James Liu / Seth A Darst / Robert Landick / Abstract: The signaling molecules guanosine 5'-tri/diphosphate 3'-diphosphate, (p)ppGpp, control bacterial protein synthesis rates and cell growth by targeting transcription, translation, NTP synthesis, and ...The signaling molecules guanosine 5'-tri/diphosphate 3'-diphosphate, (p)ppGpp, control bacterial protein synthesis rates and cell growth by targeting transcription, translation, NTP synthesis, and other functions. In lineages like , (p)ppGpp produced in response to charged-tRNA deficiency directly targets transcribing RNAP polymerase (RNAP) to match its pace to the pioneering ribosome on the nascent RNA (transcription-translation coupling). However, the mechanism by which (p)ppGpp slows RNAP is poorly defined. (p)ppGpp may allosterically stimulate RNAP pausing, inhibit catalysis, promote backtracking, compete for substrate GTP, inhibit GTP synthesis, or uncouple transcription-translation by inhibiting translation. Using a combination of cryo-EM, biochemical assays, and quantitative nascent elongating transcript sequencing (qNET-seq), we establish that (p)ppGpp allosterically regulates pausing and nucleotide addition via distinct motions of the RNAP swivel module and both competes with and lowers GTP in vivo. (p)ppGpp stimulates swiveling at pause sites to delay escape but may also inhibit counter-swiveling required in every round of nucleotide addition.
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