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- EMDB-61047: Cyro-EM Structure of Human TLR4/MD-2/DLAM1 Complex -

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Entry
Database: EMDB / ID: EMD-61047
TitleCyro-EM Structure of Human TLR4/MD-2/DLAM1 Complex
Map datamain map
Sample
  • Complex: human TLR4/MD-2/DLAM1 complex
    • Protein or peptide: Lymphocyte antigen 96
    • Protein or peptide: Toll-like receptor 4
  • Ligand: (3R)-3-(dodecanoyloxy)tetradecanoic acid
  • Ligand: 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose
  • Ligand: 2-amino-2-deoxy-4-O-phosphono-alpha-D-glucopyranose
  • Ligand: [(2~{R},3~{S},4~{S},5~{S})-5-methoxy-3,4,6-tris(oxidanyl)oxan-2-yl]methyl dihydrogen phosphate
KeywordsInnate immune system / Toll-like receptors / TLR4 agonist / Vaccine adjuvants / Disaccharide-based Lipid A Mimetics / IMMUNE SYSTEM
Function / homology
Function and homology information


detection of fungus / nitric oxide production involved in inflammatory response / MHC class II biosynthetic process / positive regulation of cellular response to macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulus / lipopolysaccharide immune receptor activity / positive regulation of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 1 signaling pathway / positive regulation of matrix metallopeptidase secretion / Toll-like receptor 4 binding / lipopolysaccharide receptor complex / detection of lipopolysaccharide ...detection of fungus / nitric oxide production involved in inflammatory response / MHC class II biosynthetic process / positive regulation of cellular response to macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulus / lipopolysaccharide immune receptor activity / positive regulation of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 1 signaling pathway / positive regulation of matrix metallopeptidase secretion / Toll-like receptor 4 binding / lipopolysaccharide receptor complex / detection of lipopolysaccharide / regulation of dendritic cell cytokine production / MyD88-independent TLR4 cascade / I-kappaB phosphorylation / TRIF-mediated programmed cell death / negative regulation of interleukin-23 production / cellular response to oxidised low-density lipoprotein particle stimulus / wound healing involved in inflammatory response / B cell proliferation involved in immune response / Caspase activation via Death Receptors in the presence of ligand / positive regulation of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 signaling pathway / nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 1 signaling pathway / Toll Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) Cascade / intestinal epithelial structure maintenance / positive regulation of stress-activated MAPK cascade / positive regulation of interleukin-1 production / macrophage activation / TRIF-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway / Regulation of TLR by endogenous ligand / astrocyte development / microglia differentiation / nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 signaling pathway / positive regulation of MHC class II biosynthetic process / positive regulation of macrophage activation / NAD+ nucleosidase activity, cyclic ADP-ribose generating / positive regulation of platelet activation / positive regulation of lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathway / negative regulation of interleukin-17 production / positive regulation of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response / MyD88 deficiency (TLR2/4) / positive regulation of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 production / positive regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway / negative regulation of cold-induced thermogenesis / IRAK4 deficiency (TLR2/4) / MyD88-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway / positive regulation of macrophage cytokine production / MyD88:MAL(TIRAP) cascade initiated on plasma membrane / toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway / T-helper 1 type immune response / toll-like receptor signaling pathway / positive regulation of smooth muscle cell migration / positive regulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process / positive regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome complex assembly / RSV-host interactions / negative regulation of osteoclast differentiation / cellular response to lipoteichoic acid / negative regulation of interleukin-6 production / negative regulation of type II interferon production / Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) attachment and entry / positive regulation of interferon-alpha production / positive regulation of interleukin-10 production / negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor production / phagocytic cup / phagocytosis / stress-activated MAPK cascade / positive regulation of chemokine production / JNK cascade / ruffle / cellular response to platelet-derived growth factor stimulus / positive regulation of B cell proliferation / nitric oxide biosynthetic process / positive regulation of interleukin-12 production / Regulation of TBK1, IKKε (IKBKE)-mediated activation of IRF3, IRF7 / ERK1 and ERK2 cascade / IRAK2 mediated activation of TAK1 complex upon TLR7/8 or 9 stimulation / positive regulation of MAP kinase activity / TRAF6-mediated induction of TAK1 complex within TLR4 complex / positive regulation of interferon-beta production / lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathway / Activation of IRF3, IRF7 mediated by TBK1, IKKε (IKBKE) / positive regulation of interleukin-1 beta production / IKK complex recruitment mediated by RIP1 / positive regulation of interleukin-8 production / positive regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation / positive regulation of JNK cascade / lipopolysaccharide binding / Heme signaling / positive regulation of non-canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction / negative regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade / cellular response to type II interferon / positive regulation of interleukin-6 production / positive regulation of type II interferon production / cellular response to mechanical stimulus / positive regulation of inflammatory response / cellular response to amyloid-beta / positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor production / positive regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process / transmembrane signaling receptor activity / positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity / signaling receptor activity / amyloid-beta binding
Similarity search - Function
Lymphocyte antigen 96 / ML domain / MD-2-related lipid-recognition domain / Domain involved in innate immunity and lipid metabolism. / Toll-like receptor / Leucine rich repeat 4 / Leucine Rich repeats (2 copies) / TIR domain / Leucine Rich repeat / Cysteine-rich flanking region, C-terminal ...Lymphocyte antigen 96 / ML domain / MD-2-related lipid-recognition domain / Domain involved in innate immunity and lipid metabolism. / Toll-like receptor / Leucine rich repeat 4 / Leucine Rich repeats (2 copies) / TIR domain / Leucine Rich repeat / Cysteine-rich flanking region, C-terminal / Leucine rich repeat C-terminal domain / Toll - interleukin 1 - resistance / TIR domain profile. / Leucine-rich repeat, SDS22-like subfamily / Toll/interleukin-1 receptor homology (TIR) domain / Toll/interleukin-1 receptor homology (TIR) domain superfamily / Leucine rich repeat / Leucine-rich repeat, typical subtype / Leucine-rich repeats, typical (most populated) subfamily / Leucine-rich repeat profile. / Leucine-rich repeat / Leucine-rich repeat domain superfamily / Immunoglobulin E-set
Similarity search - Domain/homology
Lymphocyte antigen 96 / Toll-like receptor 4
Similarity search - Component
Biological speciesHomo sapiens (human)
Methodsingle particle reconstruction / cryo EM / Resolution: 2.7 Å
AuthorsFu Y / Kim H / Zamyatina A / Kim HM
Funding support1 items
OrganizationGrant numberCountry
Other government
CitationJournal: Nat Commun / Year: 2025
Title: Structural insight into TLR4/MD-2 activation by synthetic LPS mimetics with distinct binding modes.
Authors: Yaoyao Fu / Hyojin Kim / Dong Sun Lee / Ah-Reum Han / Holger Heine / Alla Zamyatina / Ho Min Kim /
Abstract: The mammalian pattern-recognition receptor TLR4/MD-2 (Toll-like receptor 4/myeloid differentiation factor-2) can be activated by a wide variety of pathogen-associated and endogenous molecules, with ...The mammalian pattern-recognition receptor TLR4/MD-2 (Toll-like receptor 4/myeloid differentiation factor-2) can be activated by a wide variety of pathogen-associated and endogenous molecules, with Gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) being the primary natural TLR4 agonist. Activation of TLR4 triggers cellular signaling that enables the beneficial innate immune responses and enhances adaptive immunity, thereby emphasizing the potential of TLR4 agonists for the management of diseases with an immunopathological background and for use as vaccine adjuvants. Given the challenges associated with LPS-derived products, including structural complexity, heterogeneity, toxicity, and species specificity, synthetic molecules targeting TLR4/MD-2 offer a promising alternative. Here, we elucidate the structural basis for the recognition of synthetic LPS-mimicking glycolipids, Disaccharide Lipid A Mimetics (DLAMs), by human and mouse TLR4/MD-2 through cryo-EM structures of six dimeric [TLR4/MD-2/ligand] complexes resolved at 2.2-3.1 Å. We reveal that the specific binding modes of DLAMs, distinct from those of LPS, are essential for the species-independent TLR4 agonistic activity. DLAMs function as a molecular bridge, effectively induce the dimerization of TLR4/MD-2 complexes through specific carbohydrate structure-relevant ligand-protein interactions. Our findings reveal the distinct molecular modes of TLR4 activation, and provide a structural basis for the rationale design and development of innovative, highly potent TLR4-targeting immunotherapeutics and adjuvants.
History
DepositionAug 2, 2024-
Header (metadata) releaseMay 14, 2025-
Map releaseMay 14, 2025-
UpdateMay 14, 2025-
Current statusMay 14, 2025Processing site: PDBj / Status: Released

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Structure visualization

Supplemental images

emd_61047.png

Downloads & links

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Map

FileDownload / File: emd_61047.map.gz / Format: CCP4 / Size: 244.1 MB / Type: IMAGE STORED AS FLOATING POINT NUMBER (4 BYTES)
Annotationmain map
Projections & slices

Image control

Size
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AxesZ (Sec.)Y (Row.)X (Col.)
0.85 Å/pix.
x 400 pix.
= 339.2 Å		0.85 Å/pix.
x 400 pix.
= 339.2 Å		0.85 Å/pix.
x 400 pix.
= 339.2 Å

Surface

Projections

Slices (1/3)

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Images are generated by Spider.

Voxel sizeX=Y=Z: 0.848 Å
Density

Histogram

Histogram (log scale)
Contour LevelBy AUTHOR: 0.35
Minimum - Maximum-1.0459423 - 1.9700682
Average (Standard dev.)-0.0006151221 (±0.0345902)
SymmetrySpace group: 1
Details

EMDB XML:

Map geometry
Axis orderXYZ
Origin000
Dimensions400400400
Spacing400400400
CellA=B=C: 339.19998 Å
α=β=γ: 90.0 °

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Supplemental data

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Half map: half A

Fileemd_61047_half_map_1.map
Annotationhalf_A
Projections & Slices
AxesZYX

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Slices (1/2)
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Histogram

Histogram (log scale)

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Half map: half B

Fileemd_61047_half_map_2.map
Annotationhalf_B
Projections & Slices
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Histogram

Histogram (log scale)

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Sample components

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Entire : human TLR4/MD-2/DLAM1 complex

EntireName: human TLR4/MD-2/DLAM1 complex
Components
  • Complex: human TLR4/MD-2/DLAM1 complex
    • Protein or peptide: Lymphocyte antigen 96
    • Protein or peptide: Toll-like receptor 4
  • Ligand: (3R)-3-(dodecanoyloxy)tetradecanoic acid
  • Ligand: 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose
  • Ligand: 2-amino-2-deoxy-4-O-phosphono-alpha-D-glucopyranose
  • Ligand: [(2~{R},3~{S},4~{S},5~{S})-5-methoxy-3,4,6-tris(oxidanyl)oxan-2-yl]methyl dihydrogen phosphate

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Supramolecule #1: human TLR4/MD-2/DLAM1 complex

SupramoleculeName: human TLR4/MD-2/DLAM1 complex / type: complex / ID: 1 / Parent: 0 / Macromolecule list: #1-#2
Source (natural)Organism: Homo sapiens (human)

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Macromolecule #1: Lymphocyte antigen 96

MacromoleculeName: Lymphocyte antigen 96 / type: protein_or_peptide / ID: 1 / Number of copies: 2 / Enantiomer: LEVO
Source (natural)Organism: Homo sapiens (human)
Molecular weightTheoretical: 16.385941 KDa
Recombinant expressionOrganism: Trichoplusia ni (cabbage looper)
SequenceString:
QKQYWVCNSS DASISYTYCD KMQYPISINV NPCIELKGSK GLLHIFYIPR RDLKQLYFNL YITVNTMNLP KRKEVICRGS DDDYSFCRA LKGETVNTTI SFSFKGIKFS KGKYKCVVEA ISGSPEEMLF CLEFVILHQP NSN

UniProtKB: Lymphocyte antigen 96

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Macromolecule #2: Toll-like receptor 4

MacromoleculeName: Toll-like receptor 4 / type: protein_or_peptide / ID: 2 / Number of copies: 2 / Enantiomer: LEVO
Source (natural)Organism: Homo sapiens (human)
Molecular weightTheoretical: 68.838328 KDa
Recombinant expressionOrganism: Trichoplusia ni (cabbage looper)
SequenceString: EPCVEVVPNI TYQCMELNFY KIPDNLPFST KNLDLSFNPL RHLGSYSFFS FPELQVLDLS RCEIQTIEDG AYQSLSHLST LILTGNPIQ SLALGAFSGL SSLQKLVAVE TNLASLENFP IGHLKTLKEL NVAHNLIQSF KLPEYFSNLT NLEHLDLSSN K IQSIYCTD ...String:
EPCVEVVPNI TYQCMELNFY KIPDNLPFST KNLDLSFNPL RHLGSYSFFS FPELQVLDLS RCEIQTIEDG AYQSLSHLST LILTGNPIQ SLALGAFSGL SSLQKLVAVE TNLASLENFP IGHLKTLKEL NVAHNLIQSF KLPEYFSNLT NLEHLDLSSN K IQSIYCTD LRVLHQMPLL NLSLDLSLNP MNFIQPGAFK EIRLHKLTLR NNFDSLNVMK TCIQGLAGLE VHRLVLGEFR NE GNLEKFD KSALEGLCNL TIEEFRLAYL DYYLDDIIDL FNCLTNVSSF SLVSVTIERV KDFSYNFGWQ HLELVNCKFG QFP TLKLKS LKRLTFTSNK GGNAFSEVDL PSLEFLDLSR NGLSFKGCCS QSDFGTTSLK YLDLSFNGVI TMSSNFLGLE QLEH LDFQH SNLKQMSEFS VFLSLRNLIY LDISHTHTRV AFNGIFNGLS SLEVLKMAGN SFQENFLPDI FTELRNLTFL DLSQC QLEQ LSPTAFNSLS SLQVLNMSHN NFFSLDTFPY KCLNSLQVLD YSLNHIMTSK KQELQHFPSS LAFLNLTQND FACTCE HQS FLQWIKDQRQ LLVEVERMEC ATPSDKQGMP VLSLNITCQM NK

UniProtKB: Toll-like receptor 4

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Macromolecule #6: (3R)-3-(dodecanoyloxy)tetradecanoic acid

MacromoleculeName: (3R)-3-(dodecanoyloxy)tetradecanoic acid / type: ligand / ID: 6 / Number of copies: 6 / Formula: 2IL
Molecular weightTheoretical: 426.673 Da
Chemical component information

ChemComp-2IL:
(3R)-3-(dodecanoyloxy)tetradecanoic acid

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Macromolecule #7: 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose

MacromoleculeName: 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose / type: ligand / ID: 7 / Number of copies: 6 / Formula: NAG
Molecular weightTheoretical: 221.208 Da
Chemical component information

ChemComp-NAG:
2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose

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Macromolecule #8: 2-amino-2-deoxy-4-O-phosphono-alpha-D-glucopyranose

MacromoleculeName: 2-amino-2-deoxy-4-O-phosphono-alpha-D-glucopyranose / type: ligand / ID: 8 / Number of copies: 2 / Formula: GP4
Molecular weightTheoretical: 259.151 Da
Chemical component information

ChemComp-GP4:
2-amino-2-deoxy-4-O-phosphono-alpha-D-glucopyranose

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Macromolecule #9: [(2~{R},3~{S},4~{S},5~{S})-5-methoxy-3,4,6-tris(oxidanyl)oxan-2-y...

MacromoleculeName: [(2~{R},3~{S},4~{S},5~{S})-5-methoxy-3,4,6-tris(oxidanyl)oxan-2-yl]methyl dihydrogen phosphate
type: ligand / ID: 9 / Number of copies: 2 / Formula: X6Z
Molecular weightTheoretical: 274.162 Da

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Experimental details

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Structure determination

Methodcryo EM
Processingsingle particle reconstruction
Aggregation stateparticle

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Sample preparation

BufferpH: 8
Component:
ConcentrationFormulaName
20.0 mMTrisTris
200.0 mMNaClsodium chloride
GridModel: Quantifoil R1.2/1.3 / Material: COPPER / Mesh: 300 / Pretreatment - Type: GLOW DISCHARGE / Pretreatment - Time: 5 sec. / Details: 10mA
VitrificationCryogen name: ETHANE

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Electron microscopy

MicroscopeTFS KRIOS
Image recordingFilm or detector model: GATAN K3 BIOQUANTUM (6k x 4k) / Number grids imaged: 1 / Number real images: 13308 / Average electron dose: 67.8 e/Å2
Electron beamAcceleration voltage: 300 kV / Electron source: FIELD EMISSION GUN
Electron opticsCalibrated magnification: 58962 / Illumination mode: FLOOD BEAM / Imaging mode: BRIGHT FIELD / Cs: 2.7 mm / Nominal defocus max: 1.7 µm / Nominal defocus min: 0.7000000000000001 µm / Nominal magnification: 105000
Sample stageCooling holder cryogen: NITROGEN
Experimental equipment
Model: Titan Krios / Image courtesy: FEI Company

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Image processing

CTF correctionType: PHASE FLIPPING AND AMPLITUDE CORRECTION
Startup modelType of model: PDB ENTRY
PDB model - PDB ID:

3fxi

Final reconstructionApplied symmetry - Point group: C2 (2 fold cyclic) / Resolution.type: BY AUTHOR / Resolution: 2.7 Å / Resolution method: FSC 0.143 CUT-OFF / Number images used: 181542
Initial angle assignmentType: MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD
Final angle assignmentType: MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD
FSC plot (resolution estimation)

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