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TitleStructural basis for the dynamic regulation of mTORC1 by amino acids.
Journal, issue, pagesNature, Vol. 646, Issue 8084, Page 493-500, Year 2025
Publish dateAug 20, 2025
AuthorsMax L Valenstein / Maximilian Wranik / Pranav V Lalgudi / Karen Y Linde-Garelli / Yuri Choi / Raghu R Chivukula / David M Sabatini / Kacper B Rogala /
PubMed AbstractThe mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) anchors a conserved signalling pathway that regulates growth in response to nutrient availability. Amino acids activate mTORC1 through the Rag ...The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) anchors a conserved signalling pathway that regulates growth in response to nutrient availability. Amino acids activate mTORC1 through the Rag GTPases, which are regulated by GATOR, a supercomplex consisting of GATOR1, KICSTOR and the nutrient-sensing hub GATOR2 (refs. ). GATOR2 forms an octagonal cage, with its distinct WD40 domain β-propellers interacting with GATOR1 and the leucine sensors Sestrin1 and Sestrin2 (SESN1 and SESN2) and the arginine sensor CASTOR1 (ref. ). The mechanisms through which these sensors regulate GATOR2 and how they detach from it upon binding their cognate amino acids remain unknown. Here, using cryo-electron microscopy, we determined the structures of a stabilized GATOR2 bound to either Sestrin2 or CASTOR1. The sensors occupy distinct and non-overlapping binding sites, disruption of which selectively impairs the ability of mTORC1 to sense individual amino acids. We also resolved the apo (leucine-free) structure of Sestrin2 and characterized the amino acid-induced structural rearrangements within Sestrin2 and CASTOR1 that trigger their dissociation from GATOR2. Binding of either sensor restricts the dynamic WDR24 β-propeller of GATOR2, a domain essential for nutrient-dependent mTORC1 activation. These findings reveal the allosteric mechanisms that convey amino acid sufficiency to GATOR2 and the ensuing structural changes that lead to mTORC1 activation.
External linksNature / PubMed:40836086 / PubMed Central
MethodsEM (single particle)
Resolution3.36 - 3.47 Å
Structure data

47276

9dx0

EMDB-47276, PDB-9dx0:
Human GATOR2 complex - apo state
Method: EM (single particle) / Resolution: 3.47 Å

47277

9dx1

EMDB-47277, PDB-9dx1:
Human GATOR2 complex - Sestrin2 bound state
Method: EM (single particle) / Resolution: 3.36 Å

47278

9dx2

EMDB-47278, PDB-9dx2:
Human GATOR2 complex - CASTOR1 bound state
Method: EM (single particle) / Resolution: 3.4 Å

Source
  • homo sapiens (human)
KeywordsSIGNALING PROTEIN / nutrient sensor / mTORC1 pathway / stress-responsive protein

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