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Yorodumi- PDB-9ti4: High resolution Cryo-EM structure of human complex I in mitochondria -
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Basic information
| Entry | Database: PDB / ID: 9ti4 | ||||||
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| Title | High resolution Cryo-EM structure of human complex I in mitochondria | ||||||
Components |
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Keywords | MEMBRANE PROTEIN / Human mitochondria / respirasome complex / complex I / NADH dehydrogenase | ||||||
| Function / homology | Function and homology informationMitochondrial Fatty Acid Beta-Oxidation / Protein lipoylation / Complex I biogenesis / Respiratory electron transport / protein insertion into mitochondrial inner membrane / response to light intensity / mitochondrial large ribosomal subunit assembly / mitochondrial ATP synthesis coupled electron transport / protein lipoylation / cellular response to oxygen levels ...Mitochondrial Fatty Acid Beta-Oxidation / Protein lipoylation / Complex I biogenesis / Respiratory electron transport / protein insertion into mitochondrial inner membrane / response to light intensity / mitochondrial large ribosomal subunit assembly / mitochondrial ATP synthesis coupled electron transport / protein lipoylation / cellular response to oxygen levels / Mitochondrial ribosome-associated quality control / Mitochondrial protein import / Mitochondrial translation termination / mitochondrial [2Fe-2S] assembly complex / mitochondrial large ribosomal subunit binding / neural precursor cell proliferation / ubiquinone biosynthetic process / respiratory chain complex / gliogenesis / negative regulation of non-canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction / cellular respiration / response to hydroperoxide / cardiac muscle tissue development / oxidoreductase activity, acting on NAD(P)H, quinone or similar compound as acceptor / positive regulation of mitochondrial membrane potential / [2Fe-2S] cluster assembly / oxygen sensor activity / cellular response to glucocorticoid stimulus / azurophil granule membrane / iron-sulfur cluster assembly / sodium ion transport / NADH:ubiquinone reductase (H+-translocating) / ubiquinone binding / mitochondrial electron transport, NADH to ubiquinone / positive regulation of ATP biosynthetic process / proton motive force-driven mitochondrial ATP synthesis / electron transport coupled proton transport / acyl binding / regulation of protein phosphorylation / mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I assembly / RHOG GTPase cycle / oxidoreductase activity, acting on NAD(P)H / NADH dehydrogenase activity / reactive oxygen species metabolic process / cerebellum development / respiratory chain complex I / positive regulation of execution phase of apoptosis / response to cAMP / NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) activity / acyl carrier activity / cellular response to interferon-beta / neurogenesis / quinone binding / endopeptidase activator activity / cellular response to retinoic acid / negative regulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process / sensory perception of sound / in utero embryonic development / substantia nigra development / ionotropic glutamate receptor binding / Mitochondrial protein degradation / fatty acid binding / aerobic respiration / response to hydrogen peroxide / synaptic membrane / brain development / response to nicotine / respiratory electron transport chain / circadian rhythm / mitochondrial intermembrane space / 2 iron, 2 sulfur cluster binding / NAD binding / mitochondrial membrane / fatty acid biosynthetic process / positive regulation of protein catabolic process / FMN binding / nervous system development / 4 iron, 4 sulfur cluster binding / protease binding / response to oxidative stress / response to hypoxia / response to ethanol / electron transfer activity / oxidoreductase activity / mitochondrial inner membrane / response to xenobiotic stimulus / mitochondrial matrix / negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription / ubiquitin protein ligase binding / apoptotic process / neuronal cell body / calcium ion binding / Neutrophil degranulation / dendrite / protein kinase binding / protein-containing complex binding / structural molecule activity / mitochondrion / RNA binding / nucleoplasm Similarity search - Function | ||||||
| Biological species | Homo sapiens (human) | ||||||
| Method | ELECTRON MICROSCOPY / single particle reconstruction / cryo EM / Resolution: 2.66 Å | ||||||
Authors | Nguyen, M.D. / Singh, V. / Rorbach, J. | ||||||
| Funding support | Sweden, 1items
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Citation | Journal: Nat Commun / Year: 2026Title: Structural basis for late maturation steps of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex IV within the human respirasome. Authors: Minh Duc Nguyen / Ana Sierra-Magro / Vivek Singh / Anas Khawaja / Alba Timón-Gómez / Antoni Barrientos / Joanna Rorbach / ![]() Abstract: The mitochondrial respiratory chain comprises four multimeric complexes (CI-CIV) that drive oxidative phosphorylation by transferring electrons to oxygen and generating the proton gradient required ...The mitochondrial respiratory chain comprises four multimeric complexes (CI-CIV) that drive oxidative phosphorylation by transferring electrons to oxygen and generating the proton gradient required for ATP synthesis. These complexes can associate into supercomplexes (SCs), such as the CI + CIII₂ + CIV respirasome, but how SCs form, by joining preassembled complexes or by engaging partially assembled intermediates, remains unresolved. Here, we use cryo-electron microscopy to determine high-resolution structures of native human CI + CIII₂ + CIV late-assembly intermediates. Together with biochemical analyses, these structures show that respirasome biogenesis concludes with the final maturation of CIV while it is associated with fully assembled CI and CIII₂. We identify HIGD2A as a placeholder factor within isolated and supercomplexed CIV that is replaced by subunit NDUFA4 during the last step of CIV and respirasome assembly. This mechanism suggests that placeholders such as HIGD2A act as molecular timers, preventing premature incorporation of NDUFA4 or its isoforms and ensuring the orderly progression of pre-SC particles into functional respirasomes. Since defects in CIV assembly, including NDUFA4 deficiencies, cause severe encephalomyopathies and neurodegenerative disorders, understanding the molecular architecture and assembly pathways of isolated and supercomplexed CIV offers insight into the pathogenic mechanisms underlying these conditions. | ||||||
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Structure visualization
| Structure viewer | Molecule: Molmil Jmol/JSmol |
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Downloads & links
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Download
| PDBx/mmCIF format | 9ti4.cif.gz | 3.1 MB | Display | PDBx/mmCIF format |
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| PDB format | pdb9ti4.ent.gz | Display | PDB format | |
| PDBx/mmJSON format | 9ti4.json.gz | Tree view | PDBx/mmJSON format | |
| Others | Other downloads |
-Validation report
| Arichive directory | https://data.pdbj.org/pub/pdb/validation_reports/ti/9ti4 ftp://data.pdbj.org/pub/pdb/validation_reports/ti/9ti4 | HTTPS FTP |
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-Related structure data
| Related structure data | ![]() 54784MC ![]() 9hzlC ![]() 9i6fC ![]() 9i7uC C: citing same article ( M: map data used to model this data |
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| Similar structure data | Similarity search - Function & homology F&H Search |
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Links
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Assembly
| Deposited unit | ![]()
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Components
-NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein ... , 3 types, 3 molecules CKO
| #1: Protein | Mass: 47680.340 Da / Num. of mol.: 1 / Source method: isolated from a natural source / Source: (natural) Homo sapiens (human)References: UniProt: P49821, NADH:ubiquinone reductase (H+-translocating) |
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| #9: Protein/peptide | Mass: 4623.078 Da / Num. of mol.: 1 / Source method: isolated from a natural source / Source: (natural) Homo sapiens (human) / References: UniProt: P56181 |
| #13: Protein | Mass: 23430.881 Da / Num. of mol.: 1 / Source method: isolated from a natural source / Source: (natural) Homo sapiens (human)References: UniProt: P19404, NADH:ubiquinone reductase (H+-translocating) |
-NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein ... , 7 types, 7 molecules DELPQTh
| #2: Protein | Mass: 20314.037 Da / Num. of mol.: 1 / Source method: isolated from a natural source / Source: (natural) Homo sapiens (human)References: UniProt: O00217, NADH:ubiquinone reductase (H+-translocating) |
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| #3: Protein | Mass: 18449.473 Da / Num. of mol.: 1 / Source method: isolated from a natural source / Source: (natural) Homo sapiens (human)References: UniProt: O75251, NADH:ubiquinone reductase (H+-translocating) |
| #10: Protein | Mass: 14064.931 Da / Num. of mol.: 1 / Source method: isolated from a natural source / Source: (natural) Homo sapiens (human) / References: UniProt: O43181 |
| #14: Protein | Mass: 24432.656 Da / Num. of mol.: 1 / Source method: isolated from a natural source / Source: (natural) Homo sapiens (human)References: UniProt: O75489, NADH:ubiquinone reductase (H+-translocating) |
| #15: Protein | Mass: 49249.500 Da / Num. of mol.: 1 / Source method: isolated from a natural source / Source: (natural) Homo sapiens (human)References: UniProt: O75306, NADH:ubiquinone reductase (H+-translocating) |
| #17: Protein | Mass: 10716.994 Da / Num. of mol.: 1 / Source method: isolated from a natural source / Source: (natural) Homo sapiens (human) / References: UniProt: O75380 |
| #30: Protein | Mass: 12445.448 Da / Num. of mol.: 1 / Source method: isolated from a natural source / Source: (natural) Homo sapiens (human) / References: UniProt: O43920 |
-NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit ... , 12 types, 12 molecules FGIJNSUVWuwt
| #4: Protein | Mass: 14205.511 Da / Num. of mol.: 1 / Source method: isolated from a natural source / Source: (natural) Homo sapiens (human) / References: UniProt: P56556 |
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| #5: Protein | Mass: 9722.138 Da / Num. of mol.: 1 / Source method: isolated from a natural source / Source: (natural) Homo sapiens (human) / References: UniProt: O43678 |
| #7: Protein | Mass: 13119.208 Da / Num. of mol.: 1 / Source method: isolated from a natural source / Source: (natural) Homo sapiens (human) / References: UniProt: Q16718 |
| #8: Protein | Mass: 38848.113 Da / Num. of mol.: 1 / Source method: isolated from a natural source / Source: (natural) Homo sapiens (human) / References: UniProt: Q16795 |
| #12: Protein | Mass: 17011.266 Da / Num. of mol.: 1 / Source method: isolated from a natural source / Source: (natural) Homo sapiens (human) / References: UniProt: Q9UI09 |
| #16: Protein | Mass: 8084.391 Da / Num. of mol.: 1 / Source method: isolated from a natural source / Source: (natural) Homo sapiens (human) / References: UniProt: O15239 |
| #18: Protein | Mass: 9156.602 Da / Num. of mol.: 1 / Source method: isolated from a natural source / Source: (natural) Homo sapiens (human) / References: UniProt: O95167 |
| #19: Protein | Mass: 14736.853 Da / Num. of mol.: 1 / Source method: isolated from a natural source / Source: (natural) Homo sapiens (human) / References: UniProt: Q86Y39 |
| #20: Protein | Mass: 16360.880 Da / Num. of mol.: 1 / Source method: isolated from a natural source / Source: (natural) Homo sapiens (human) / References: UniProt: Q9P0J0 |
| #41: Protein | Mass: 20007.902 Da / Num. of mol.: 1 / Source method: isolated from a natural source / Source: (natural) Homo sapiens (human) / References: UniProt: P51970 |
| #43: Protein | Mass: 37200.270 Da / Num. of mol.: 1 / Source method: isolated from a natural source / Source: (natural) Homo sapiens (human) / References: UniProt: O95299 |
| #44: Protein | Mass: 12571.403 Da / Num. of mol.: 1 / Source method: isolated from a natural source / Source: (natural) Homo sapiens (human) / References: UniProt: O95182 |
-Protein , 2 types, 3 molecules HXM
| #6: Protein | Mass: 9976.442 Da / Num. of mol.: 2 / Source method: isolated from a natural source / Source: (natural) Homo sapiens (human) / References: UniProt: O14561#11: Protein | | Mass: 75471.484 Da / Num. of mol.: 1 / Source method: isolated from a natural source / Source: (natural) Homo sapiens (human)References: UniProt: P28331, NADH:ubiquinone reductase (H+-translocating) |
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-NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit ... , 11 types, 11 molecules YZabcdenopv
| #21: Protein | Mass: 7624.451 Da / Num. of mol.: 1 / Source method: isolated from a natural source / Source: (natural) Homo sapiens (human) / References: UniProt: O95178 |
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| #22: Protein | Mass: 9575.944 Da / Num. of mol.: 1 / Source method: isolated from a natural source / Source: (natural) Homo sapiens (human) / References: UniProt: O43676 |
| #23: Protein | Mass: 16573.160 Da / Num. of mol.: 1 / Source method: isolated from a natural source / Source: (natural) Homo sapiens (human) / References: UniProt: O43674 |
| #24: Protein | Mass: 14491.033 Da / Num. of mol.: 1 / Source method: isolated from a natural source / Source: (natural) Homo sapiens (human) / References: UniProt: O95139 |
| #25: Protein | Mass: 18094.416 Da / Num. of mol.: 1 / Source method: isolated from a natural source / Source: (natural) Homo sapiens (human) / References: UniProt: O95169 |
| #26: Protein | Mass: 20489.350 Da / Num. of mol.: 1 / Source method: isolated from a natural source / Source: (natural) Homo sapiens (human) / References: UniProt: O96000 |
| #27: Protein | Mass: 12590.146 Da / Num. of mol.: 1 / Source method: isolated from a natural source / Source: (natural) Homo sapiens (human) / References: UniProt: Q9NX14 |
| #36: Protein | Mass: 6514.623 Da / Num. of mol.: 1 / Source method: isolated from a natural source / Source: (natural) Homo sapiens (human) / References: UniProt: O75438 |
| #37: Protein | Mass: 15100.399 Da / Num. of mol.: 1 / Source method: isolated from a natural source / Source: (natural) Homo sapiens (human) / References: UniProt: O95168 |
| #38: Protein | Mass: 21246.193 Da / Num. of mol.: 1 / Source method: isolated from a natural source / Source: (natural) Homo sapiens (human) / References: UniProt: Q9Y6M9 |
| #42: Protein | Mass: 14854.193 Da / Num. of mol.: 1 / Source method: isolated from a natural source / Source: (natural) Homo sapiens (human) / References: UniProt: P17568 |
-NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 subunit ... , 2 types, 2 molecules fg
| #28: Protein/peptide | Mass: 5904.838 Da / Num. of mol.: 1 / Source method: isolated from a natural source / Source: (natural) Homo sapiens (human) / References: UniProt: O43677 |
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| #29: Protein | Mass: 14209.521 Da / Num. of mol.: 1 / Source method: isolated from a natural source / Source: (natural) Homo sapiens (human) / References: UniProt: O95298 |
-NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain ... , 7 types, 7 molecules ijklmrs
| #31: Protein | Mass: 38980.633 Da / Num. of mol.: 1 / Source method: isolated from a natural source / Source: (natural) Homo sapiens (human)References: UniProt: P03891, NADH:ubiquinone reductase (H+-translocating) |
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| #32: Protein | Mass: 13189.951 Da / Num. of mol.: 1 / Source method: isolated from a natural source / Source: (natural) Homo sapiens (human)References: UniProt: P03897, NADH:ubiquinone reductase (H+-translocating) |
| #33: Protein | Mass: 10745.110 Da / Num. of mol.: 1 / Source method: isolated from a natural source / Source: (natural) Homo sapiens (human)References: UniProt: P03901, NADH:ubiquinone reductase (H+-translocating) |
| #34: Protein | Mass: 66836.633 Da / Num. of mol.: 1 / Source method: isolated from a natural source / Source: (natural) Homo sapiens (human)References: UniProt: P03915, NADH:ubiquinone reductase (H+-translocating) |
| #35: Protein | Mass: 18512.859 Da / Num. of mol.: 1 / Source method: isolated from a natural source / Source: (natural) Homo sapiens (human)References: UniProt: P03923, NADH:ubiquinone reductase (H+-translocating) |
| #39: Protein | Mass: 51613.547 Da / Num. of mol.: 1 / Source method: isolated from a natural source / Source: (natural) Homo sapiens (human)References: UniProt: P03905, NADH:ubiquinone reductase (H+-translocating) |
| #40: Protein | Mass: 35447.957 Da / Num. of mol.: 1 / Source method: isolated from a natural source / Source: (natural) Homo sapiens (human)References: UniProt: P03886, NADH:ubiquinone reductase (H+-translocating) |
-Non-polymers , 12 types, 36 molecules 






















| #45: Chemical | ChemComp-SF4 / #46: Chemical | ChemComp-FMN / | #47: Chemical | ChemComp-PEE / #48: Chemical | #49: Chemical | ChemComp-NDP / | #50: Chemical | #51: Chemical | ChemComp-PLX / ( #52: Chemical | ChemComp-ZN / | #53: Chemical | ChemComp-CDL / #54: Chemical | ChemComp-DGT / | #55: Chemical | ChemComp-MG / | #56: Water | ChemComp-HOH / | |
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-Details
| Has ligand of interest | Y |
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| Has protein modification | Y |
-Experimental details
-Experiment
| Experiment | Method: ELECTRON MICROSCOPY |
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| EM experiment | Aggregation state: PARTICLE / 3D reconstruction method: single particle reconstruction |
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Sample preparation
| Component | Name: NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase / Type: COMPLEX / Entity ID: #1-#44 / Source: NATURAL |
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| Molecular weight | Experimental value: NO |
| Source (natural) | Organism: Homo sapiens (human) |
| Buffer solution | pH: 7.4 Details: 25 mM HEPES-KOH pH=7.5, 50 mM KCl, 20 mM Mg(OAc)2, 0.01% (v/v) Lauryl Maltose Neopentyl Glycol (LMNG), 0.001 % cardiolipin, 0.001 % glycol-diosgenin (GDN, Sigma-Aldrich), 0.1mM DTT |
| Specimen | Embedding applied: NO / Shadowing applied: NO / Staining applied: NO / Vitrification applied: YES |
| Specimen support | Grid material: COPPER / Grid mesh size: 300 divisions/in. / Grid type: Quantifoil R2/2 |
| Vitrification | Instrument: FEI VITROBOT MARK IV / Cryogen name: ETHANE / Humidity: 100 % / Chamber temperature: 277 K |
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Electron microscopy imaging
| Experimental equipment | ![]() Model: Titan Krios / Image courtesy: FEI Company |
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| Microscopy | Model: TFS KRIOS |
| Electron gun | Electron source: FIELD EMISSION GUN / Accelerating voltage: 300 kV / Illumination mode: OTHER |
| Electron lens | Mode: BRIGHT FIELD / Nominal defocus max: 2000 nm / Nominal defocus min: 600 nm |
| Specimen holder | Cryogen: NITROGEN |
| Image recording | Electron dose: 35 e/Å2 / Film or detector model: GATAN K3 BIOQUANTUM (6k x 4k) |
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Processing
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| CTF correction | Type: PHASE FLIPPING AND AMPLITUDE CORRECTION | ||||||||||||||||
| Particle selection | Num. of particles selected: 2508182 | ||||||||||||||||
| 3D reconstruction | Resolution: 2.66 Å / Resolution method: FSC 0.143 CUT-OFF / Num. of particles: 236346 / Symmetry type: POINT | ||||||||||||||||
| Atomic model building | Protocol: RIGID BODY FIT |
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Homo sapiens (human)
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FIELD EMISSION GUN