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- PDB-9saq: Cryo-EM structure of SARS CoV-2 RdRp S759A mutant in complex with... -

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Entry
Database: PDB / ID: 9saq
TitleCryo-EM structure of SARS CoV-2 RdRp S759A mutant in complex with 20-40mer RNA incorporating ATP
Components
  • (Non-structural protein ...) x 2
  • RNA primer strand (27-MER)
  • RNA template strand (40-MER)
  • RNA-directed RNA polymerase nsp12
KeywordsVIRAL PROTEIN / RNA-dependent RNA polymerase / SARS CoV-2 / transcription / ATP / remdesivir / S759A mutant
Function / homology
Function and homology information


protein guanylyltransferase activity / RNA endonuclease activity producing 3'-phosphomonoesters, hydrolytic mechanism / mRNA guanylyltransferase activity / 5'-3' RNA helicase activity / Lyases; Phosphorus-oxygen lyases / Assembly of the SARS-CoV-2 Replication-Transcription Complex (RTC) / symbiont-mediated suppression of host cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway via inhibition of TBK1 activity / Maturation of replicase proteins / TRAF3-dependent IRF activation pathway / ISG15-specific peptidase activity ...protein guanylyltransferase activity / RNA endonuclease activity producing 3'-phosphomonoesters, hydrolytic mechanism / mRNA guanylyltransferase activity / 5'-3' RNA helicase activity / Lyases; Phosphorus-oxygen lyases / Assembly of the SARS-CoV-2 Replication-Transcription Complex (RTC) / symbiont-mediated suppression of host cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway via inhibition of TBK1 activity / Maturation of replicase proteins / TRAF3-dependent IRF activation pathway / ISG15-specific peptidase activity / Transcription of SARS-CoV-2 sgRNAs / Translation of Replicase and Assembly of the Replication Transcription Complex / snRNP Assembly / Replication of the SARS-CoV-2 genome / Hydrolases; Acting on ester bonds; Exoribonucleases producing 5'-phosphomonoesters / host cell endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment / double membrane vesicle viral factory outer membrane / SARS coronavirus main proteinase / 5'-3' DNA helicase activity / 3'-5'-RNA exonuclease activity / host cell endosome / symbiont-mediated degradation of host mRNA / mRNA guanylyltransferase / symbiont-mediated suppression of host ISG15-protein conjugation / G-quadruplex RNA binding / symbiont-mediated suppression of host toll-like receptor signaling pathway / symbiont-mediated suppression of host cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway via inhibition of IRF3 activity / omega peptidase activity / mRNA (guanine-N7)-methyltransferase / SARS-CoV-2 modulates host translation machinery / methyltransferase cap1 / host cell Golgi apparatus / symbiont-mediated suppression of host NF-kappaB cascade / symbiont-mediated perturbation of host ubiquitin-like protein modification / DNA helicase / methyltransferase cap1 activity / ubiquitinyl hydrolase 1 / cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity / mRNA 5'-cap (guanine-N7-)-methyltransferase activity / Hydrolases; Acting on peptide bonds (peptidases); Cysteine endopeptidases / single-stranded RNA binding / host cell perinuclear region of cytoplasm / regulation of autophagy / viral protein processing / lyase activity / host cell endoplasmic reticulum membrane / RNA helicase / symbiont-mediated suppression of host type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway / symbiont-mediated suppression of host gene expression / copper ion binding / viral translational frameshifting / symbiont-mediated activation of host autophagy / RNA-directed RNA polymerase / cysteine-type endopeptidase activity / viral RNA genome replication / RNA-directed RNA polymerase activity / DNA-templated transcription / lipid binding / SARS-CoV-2 activates/modulates innate and adaptive immune responses / host cell nucleus / ATP hydrolysis activity / proteolysis / RNA binding / zinc ion binding / ATP binding / membrane
Similarity search - Function
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, SARS-CoV-like / Nonstructural protein 14, betacoronavirus / NSP15, NendoU domain, coronavirus / Nonstructural protein 15, middle domain, alpha/betacoronavirus / Nonstructural protein 15, N-terminal domain, alpha/beta-coronavirus / NSP14, guanine-N7-methyltransferase domain, coronavirus / Coronavirus (CoV) guanine-N7-methyltransferase (N7-MTase) domain profile. / Coronavirus (CoV) Nsp15 N-terminal oligomerization domain profile. / NSP12 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, coronavirus / : ...RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, SARS-CoV-like / Nonstructural protein 14, betacoronavirus / NSP15, NendoU domain, coronavirus / Nonstructural protein 15, middle domain, alpha/betacoronavirus / Nonstructural protein 15, N-terminal domain, alpha/beta-coronavirus / NSP14, guanine-N7-methyltransferase domain, coronavirus / Coronavirus (CoV) guanine-N7-methyltransferase (N7-MTase) domain profile. / Coronavirus (CoV) Nsp15 N-terminal oligomerization domain profile. / NSP12 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, coronavirus / : / Coronavirus Nsp12 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) domain profile. / Coronavirus Nsp12 Interface domain profile. / : / : / Coronavirus Nonstructural protein 13, 1B domain / Coronavirus Non-structural protein 13, zinc-binding domain / Coronavirus Nonstructural protein 13, stalk domain / Nidovirus 2-O-methyltransferase / Nidovirus 2'-O-methyltransferase (2'-O-MTase) domain profile. / Non-structural protein NSP15, N-terminal domain superfamily, coronavirus / Non-structural protein NSP15, middle domain superfamily / Coronavirus replicase NSP15, N-terminal oligomerization / Nonstructural protein 15, middle domain, coronavirus / Nonstructural protein 13, 1B domain, coronavirus / Coronavirus replicase NSP15, middle domain / Coronavirus replicase NSP15, N-terminal oligomerisation / Nidovirus 3'-5' exoribonuclease domain / Nidovirus 3'-5' exoribonuclease (ExoN) domain profile. / Non-structural protein NSP16, coronavirus-like / Non-structural protein 14, coronavirus / RNA polymerase, N-terminal, coronavirus / Coronavirus 2'-O-methyltransferase / Coronavirus proofreading exoribonuclease / Coronavirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, N-terminal / Nonstructural protein 13, zinc-binding domain, coronavirus-like / Coronaviridae zinc-binding (CV ZBD) domain profile. / Arterivirus Nsp11 N-terminal/Coronavirus NSP15 middle domain / Arterivirus Nsp11 N-terminal/coronavirus NSP15 middle (AV-Nsp11N/CoV-Nsp15M) domain profile. / Nidoviral uridylate-specific endoribonuclease (NendoU) domain profile. / Nidovirus RdRp-associated nucleotidyl transferase (NiRAN) domain / Nidovirus RdRp-associated nucleotidyl transferase (NiRAN) domain profile. / Endoribonuclease EndoU-like / NendoU domain, nidovirus / Coronavirus replicase NSP15, uridylate-specific endoribonuclease / : / Lipocalin signature. / DNA2/NAM7 helicase-like, C-terminal / AAA domain / (+) RNA virus helicase core domain / (+)RNA virus helicase core domain profile. / Non-structural protein NSP3, SUD-N (Mac2) domain, betacoronavirus / Sarbecovirus Nsp3c-N domain profile. / Non-structural protein NSP3, N-terminal, betacoronavirus / Polyprotein cleavage domain PL2pro superfamily, betacoronavirus / Non-structural protein NSP3, SUD-N (Mac2) domain superfamily, betacoronavirus / Betacoronavirus SUD-C domain / Betacoronavirus replicase NSP3, N-terminal / NSP1 globular domain superfamily, betacoronavirus / Non-structural protein 2, SARS-CoV-like / Carbamoyl-phosphate synthase subdomain signature 2. / Betacoronavirus Nsp3c-M domain profile. / NSP1, globular domain, betacoronavirus / Non-structural protein NSP3, SUD-M domain, betacoronavirus / Non-structural protein NSP3, SUD-M domain superfamily, betacoronavirus / Betacoronavirus replicase NSP1 / Betacoronavirus single-stranded poly(A) binding domain / NSP1, C-terminal domain, betacoronavirus / : / Betacoronavirus (BetaCoV) Nsp1 C-terminal domain profile. / Betacoronavirus Nsp3e group 2-specific marker (G2M) domain profile. / Betacoronavirus Nsp3c-C domain profile. / Betacoronavirus Nsp3e nucleic acid-binding (NAB) domain profile. / DPUP/SUD, C-terminal, betacoronavirus / Non-structural protein NSP3, nucleic acid-binding domain, betacoronavirus / Non-structural protein NSP3A domain-like superfamily / Non-structural protein NSP3, nucleic acid-binding domain superfamily, betacoronavirus / Non-structural protein 6, betacoronavirus / Betacoronavirus nucleic acid-binding (NAB) / Papain-like viral protease, palm and finger domains, coronavirus / Papain-like protease, N-terminal domain superfamily, coronavirus / Coronavirus replicase NSP2, N-terminal / : / Coronavirus replicase NSP2, C-terminal / Coronavirus (CoV) Nsp2 middle domain profile. / NSP1, globular domain, alpha/betacoronavirus / Coronavirus (CoV) Nsp1 globular domain profile. / Coronavirus (CoV) Nsp2 N-terminal domain profile. / Coronavirus (CoV) Nsp2 C-terminal domain profile. / Nonstructural protein 2, N-terminal domain, coronavirus / Non-structural protein 2, C-terminal domain, coronavirus / NSP3, second ubiquitin-like (Ubl) domain, coronavirus / Coronavirus Nsp3a Ubl domain profile. / Coronavirus Nsp3d Ubl domain profile. / NSP3, first ubiquitin-like (Ubl) domain, coronavirus / Peptidase family C16 domain profile. / : / : / Coronavirus replicase NSP7 / Coronavirus 3Ecto domain profile. / Coronavirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) Nsp7 cofactor domain profile.
Similarity search - Domain/homology
RNA / RNA (> 10) / Replicase polyprotein 1ab
Similarity search - Component
Biological speciesSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
MethodELECTRON MICROSCOPY / single particle reconstruction / cryo EM / Resolution: 3.1 Å
AuthorsOliva, M.F. / Das, K.
Funding support Belgium, 1items
OrganizationGrant numberCountry
KU Leuven Belgium
CitationJournal: bioRxiv / Year: 2025
Title: Structural basis for selective remdesivir incorporation by SARS-CoV-2 RNA polymerase, and S759A resistance.
Authors: Calvin J Gordon / Mizar F Oliva / Hery W Lee / Quinten Goovaerts / Brent De Wijngaert / Matthias Götte / Kalyan Das
Abstract: Nucleoside analogs (NAs) have been successfully used to treat viral infections. dNTP analogs are primarily DNA chain terminators, while NTP analogs, such as remdesivir, can inhibit as delayed chain ...Nucleoside analogs (NAs) have been successfully used to treat viral infections. dNTP analogs are primarily DNA chain terminators, while NTP analogs, such as remdesivir, can inhibit as delayed chain terminators or when in the template strand. Determining the frequency of remdesivir triphosphate (RTP) incorporation in the presence of the competing ATP can help in understanding different modes of viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) inhibition by NTP analogs. We employed enzymatic assays, mass spectrometry, and cryo-EM to show that SARS-CoV-2 RdRp preferentially incorporates RTP, outcompeting 10-fold higher ATP concentration; however, successive RTP incorporations are less favoured when ATP is present. Structures of SARS-CoV-2 RdRp in this and previous studies demonstrate resilience of remdesivir:UMP base pair to translocation, explaining the reduced preference for conjugate incorporations. Together, the RTP versus ATP incorporation is driven by their relative concentration and structural rigidity of remdesivir:UMP, ultimately limiting the number of incorporated remdesivir in a fully synthesized RNA strand. The S759A mutant confers RTP resistance, and the structures of S759A RdRp catalytic complexes reveal that altered ribose-ring conformation and repositioning of the primer 3'-end nucleotide contribute to RTP resistance. These findings enhance our understanding of non-obligate NTP analogs and provide insight into S759A resistance mechanism.
History
DepositionAug 7, 2025Deposition site: PDBE / Processing site: PDBE
Revision 1.0Oct 1, 2025Provider: repository / Type: Initial release

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Structure visualization

Structure viewerMolecule:
MolmilJmol/JSmol

Downloads & links

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Assembly

Deposited unit
P: RNA primer strand (27-MER)
T: RNA template strand (40-MER)
A: RNA-directed RNA polymerase nsp12
B: Non-structural protein 8
C: Non-structural protein 7
hetero molecules


Theoretical massNumber of molelcules
Total (without water)158,9887
Polymers158,8575
Non-polymers1312
Water00
1


  • Idetical with deposited unit
  • defined by author&software
  • Evidence: electron microscopy, not applicable
TypeNameSymmetry operationNumber
identity operation1_555x,y,z1

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Components

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RNA chain , 2 types, 2 molecules PT

#1: RNA chain RNA primer strand (27-MER)


Mass: 8564.120 Da / Num. of mol.: 1 / Source method: obtained synthetically
Source: (synth.) Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
#2: RNA chain RNA template strand (40-MER)


Mass: 12720.521 Da / Num. of mol.: 1 / Source method: obtained synthetically
Source: (synth.) Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2

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Non-structural protein ... , 2 types, 2 molecules BC

#4: Protein Non-structural protein 8 / Non-structural protein 8


Mass: 21903.047 Da / Num. of mol.: 1
Source method: isolated from a genetically manipulated source
Source: (gene. exp.) Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
Gene: rep, 1a-1b / Production host: Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) (bacteria)
References: UniProt: P0DTD1, ubiquitinyl hydrolase 1, Hydrolases; Acting on peptide bonds (peptidases); Cysteine endopeptidases, SARS coronavirus main proteinase, RNA-directed RNA polymerase, DNA ...References: UniProt: P0DTD1, ubiquitinyl hydrolase 1, Hydrolases; Acting on peptide bonds (peptidases); Cysteine endopeptidases, SARS coronavirus main proteinase, RNA-directed RNA polymerase, DNA helicase, RNA helicase, Hydrolases; Acting on ester bonds; Exoribonucleases producing 5'-phosphomonoesters, Hydrolases; Acting on ester bonds, Transferases; Transferring one-carbon groups; Methyltransferases
#5: Protein Non-structural protein 7 / Non-structural protein 7


Mass: 9248.804 Da / Num. of mol.: 1
Source method: isolated from a genetically manipulated source
Source: (gene. exp.) Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
Gene: rep, 1a-1b / Production host: Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) (bacteria)
References: UniProt: P0DTD1, ubiquitinyl hydrolase 1, Hydrolases; Acting on peptide bonds (peptidases); Cysteine endopeptidases, SARS coronavirus main proteinase, RNA-directed RNA polymerase, DNA ...References: UniProt: P0DTD1, ubiquitinyl hydrolase 1, Hydrolases; Acting on peptide bonds (peptidases); Cysteine endopeptidases, SARS coronavirus main proteinase, RNA-directed RNA polymerase, DNA helicase, RNA helicase, Hydrolases; Acting on ester bonds; Exoribonucleases producing 5'-phosphomonoesters, Hydrolases; Acting on ester bonds, Transferases; Transferring one-carbon groups; Methyltransferases

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Protein / Non-polymers , 2 types, 3 molecules A

#3: Protein RNA-directed RNA polymerase nsp12 / Pol / RdRp / Non-structural protein 12 / nsp12


Mass: 106420.648 Da / Num. of mol.: 1
Source method: isolated from a genetically manipulated source
Source: (gene. exp.) Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
Gene: rep, 1a-1b / Production host: Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) (bacteria)
References: UniProt: P0DTD1, RNA-directed RNA polymerase, mRNA guanylyltransferase
#6: Chemical ChemComp-ZN / ZINC ION


Mass: 65.409 Da / Num. of mol.: 2 / Source method: isolated from a natural source / Formula: Zn

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Details

Has ligand of interestN
Has protein modificationN

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Experimental details

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Experiment

ExperimentMethod: ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
EM experimentAggregation state: PARTICLE / 3D reconstruction method: single particle reconstruction

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Sample preparation

ComponentName: SARS CoV-2 RdRp S759A mutant in complex with 20-40mer RNA incorporating ATP
Type: COMPLEX / Entity ID: #1-#5 / Source: RECOMBINANT
Molecular weightExperimental value: NO
Source (natural)Organism: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
Source (recombinant)Organism: Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) (bacteria)
Buffer solutionpH: 7.5
Details: 20 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 75 mM NaCl, 5 mM MgCl2, 5 mM DTT
SpecimenEmbedding applied: NO / Shadowing applied: NO / Staining applied: NO / Vitrification applied: YES
Specimen supportGrid material: GOLD / Grid mesh size: 300 divisions/in. / Grid type: Quantifoil R1.2/1.3
VitrificationInstrument: LEICA EM GP / Cryogen name: ETHANE / Humidity: 95 % / Chamber temperature: 277.15 K

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Electron microscopy imaging

MicroscopyModel: TFS GLACIOS
Electron gunElectron source: FIELD EMISSION GUN / Accelerating voltage: 200 kV / Illumination mode: FLOOD BEAM
Electron lensMode: BRIGHT FIELD / Nominal magnification: 130000 X / Nominal defocus max: 1800 nm / Nominal defocus min: 600 nm / Cs: 2.7 mm / Alignment procedure: COMA FREE
Specimen holderCryogen: NITROGEN / Specimen holder model: OTHER
Image recordingElectron dose: 40 e/Å2 / Film or detector model: FEI FALCON IV (4k x 4k) / Num. of grids imaged: 1
EM imaging opticsEnergyfilter name: TFS Selectris

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Processing

EM software
IDNameVersionCategory
1RELIONparticle selection
2EPUimage acquisition
9PHENIX1.19.2-4158model refinement
13RELION3D reconstruction
CTF correctionType: NONE
3D reconstructionResolution: 3.1 Å / Resolution method: FSC 0.143 CUT-OFF / Num. of particles: 93716 / Symmetry type: POINT
Refine LS restraints
Refine-IDTypeDev idealNumber
ELECTRON MICROSCOPYf_bond_d0.0039580
ELECTRON MICROSCOPYf_angle_d0.45313145
ELECTRON MICROSCOPYf_dihedral_angle_d5.6161549
ELECTRON MICROSCOPYf_chiral_restr0.0391499
ELECTRON MICROSCOPYf_plane_restr0.0031564

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