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- PDB-9p92: Cryo-EM structure of the PAC1nR-VIP-Gs complex -

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Basic information

Entry
Database: PDB / ID: 9p92
TitleCryo-EM structure of the PAC1nR-VIP-Gs complex
Components
  • (Guanine nucleotide-binding protein ...) x 3
  • Nanobody35
  • Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide type I receptor
  • Vasoactive intestinal peptide
KeywordsMEMBRANE PROTEIN / drug discovery / G protein coupled receptor / signalling
Function / homology
Function and homology information


epinephrine secretion / prolactin secretion / development of primary female sexual characteristics / type 1 vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor binding / type 2 vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor binding / body fluid secretion / pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide receptor activity / vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor activity / regulation of cellular response to oxidative stress / positive regulation of small GTPase mediated signal transduction ...epinephrine secretion / prolactin secretion / development of primary female sexual characteristics / type 1 vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor binding / type 2 vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor binding / body fluid secretion / pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide receptor activity / vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor activity / regulation of cellular response to oxidative stress / positive regulation of small GTPase mediated signal transduction / neuropeptide hormone activity / NGF-independant TRKA activation / cAMP biosynthetic process / G protein-coupled peptide receptor activity / mRNA stabilization / positive regulation of cAMP/PKA signal transduction / peptide hormone receptor binding / positive regulation of inositol phosphate biosynthetic process / adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled bile acid receptor signaling pathway / adenylate cyclase-activating serotonin receptor signaling pathway / positive regulation of calcium ion transport into cytosol / intracellular transport / peptide hormone binding / regulation of skeletal muscle contraction / adenylate cyclase binding / hair follicle placode formation / developmental growth / multicellular organismal response to stress / PKA activation in glucagon signalling / bicellular tight junction / renal water homeostasis / D1 dopamine receptor binding / vascular endothelial cell response to laminar fluid shear stress / Hedgehog 'off' state / activation of adenylate cyclase activity / adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathway / cellular response to acidic pH / ovarian follicle development / cellular response to glucagon stimulus / hormone activity / intracellular glucose homeostasis / adenylate cyclase activator activity / positive regulation of insulin secretion involved in cellular response to glucose stimulus / positive regulation of insulin secretion / trans-Golgi network membrane / bone development / negative regulation of inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus / response to prostaglandin E / platelet aggregation / caveola / cognition / small GTPase binding / G-protein beta/gamma-subunit complex binding / adenylate cyclase-modulating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway / Olfactory Signaling Pathway / Activation of the phototransduction cascade / sensory perception of smell / positive regulation of protein catabolic process / G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway / G beta:gamma signalling through PLC beta / Presynaptic function of Kainate receptors / Thromboxane signalling through TP receptor / Activation of G protein gated Potassium channels / Inhibition of voltage gated Ca2+ channels via Gbeta/gamma subunits / G-protein activation / response to estradiol / Glucagon signaling in metabolic regulation / G beta:gamma signalling through CDC42 / Prostacyclin signalling through prostacyclin receptor / Synthesis, secretion, and inactivation of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) / photoreceptor disc membrane / G beta:gamma signalling through BTK / ADP signalling through P2Y purinoceptor 12 / Sensory perception of sweet, bitter, and umami (glutamate) taste / Glucagon-type ligand receptors / Adrenaline,noradrenaline inhibits insulin secretion / regulation of protein localization / Vasopressin regulates renal water homeostasis via Aquaporins / G alpha (z) signalling events / Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP1) regulates insulin secretion / ADP signalling through P2Y purinoceptor 1 / cellular response to catecholamine stimulus / G beta:gamma signalling through PI3Kgamma / ADORA2B mediated anti-inflammatory cytokines production / adenylate cyclase-activating dopamine receptor signaling pathway / cellular response to prostaglandin E stimulus / positive regulation of cold-induced thermogenesis / Cooperation of PDCL (PhLP1) and TRiC/CCT in G-protein beta folding / GPER1 signaling / heterotrimeric G-protein complex / G alpha (12/13) signalling events / Inactivation, recovery and regulation of the phototransduction cascade / signaling receptor activity / G-protein beta-subunit binding / extracellular vesicle / Thrombin signalling through proteinase activated receptors (PARs) / adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway / signaling receptor complex adaptor activity / GTPase binding / G protein activity
Similarity search - Function
GPCR, family 2, pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide type 1 receptor / : / Glucagon/GIP/secretin/VIP / Peptide hormone / Glucagon / GIP / secretin / VIP family signature. / Glucagon like hormones / G-protein coupled receptors family 2 signature 1. / : / GPCR, family 2, extracellular hormone receptor domain / G-protein coupled receptors family 2 profile 1. ...GPCR, family 2, pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide type 1 receptor / : / Glucagon/GIP/secretin/VIP / Peptide hormone / Glucagon / GIP / secretin / VIP family signature. / Glucagon like hormones / G-protein coupled receptors family 2 signature 1. / : / GPCR, family 2, extracellular hormone receptor domain / G-protein coupled receptors family 2 profile 1. / Domain present in hormone receptors / Hormone receptor domain / GPCR family 2, extracellular hormone receptor domain superfamily / G-protein coupled receptors family 2 signature 2. / GPCR, family 2, secretin-like, conserved site / GPCR, family 2, secretin-like / 7 transmembrane receptor (Secretin family) / GPCR, family 2-like / G-protein coupled receptors family 2 profile 2. / G-protein alpha subunit, group S / G protein alpha subunit, helical insertion / G protein alpha subunit / Guanine nucleotide binding protein (G-protein), alpha subunit / G-protein alpha subunit / G-alpha domain profile. / G-protein, gamma subunit / G-protein gamma subunit domain profile. / G-protein gamma-like domain / G-protein gamma-like domain superfamily / GGL domain / G protein gamma subunit-like motifs / GGL domain / Guanine nucleotide-binding protein, beta subunit / G protein beta WD-40 repeat protein / G-protein, beta subunit / G-protein beta WD-40 repeat / WD40 repeat, conserved site / Trp-Asp (WD) repeats signature. / Trp-Asp (WD) repeats profile. / Trp-Asp (WD) repeats circular profile. / WD40 repeats / WD40 repeat / WD40-repeat-containing domain superfamily / WD40/YVTN repeat-like-containing domain superfamily / P-loop containing nucleoside triphosphate hydrolase
Similarity search - Domain/homology
VIP peptides / Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide type I receptor / Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2 / Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-1 / Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(s) subunit alpha isoforms short
Similarity search - Component
Biological speciesHomo sapiens (human)
Lama glama (llama)
MethodELECTRON MICROSCOPY / single particle reconstruction / cryo EM / Resolution: 3.8 Å
AuthorsPiper, S.J. / Lu, J. / Sexton, P. / Wootten, D.
Funding support Australia, 6items
OrganizationGrant numberCountry
National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC, Australia)1155302 Australia
National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC, Australia)1150083 Australia
National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC, Australia)1154434 Australia
National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC, Australia)2025694 Australia
National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC, Australia)2026300 Australia
Australian Research Council (ARC)230102776 Australia
CitationJournal: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A / Year: 2025
Title: Structural basis of modified ligand selectivity from N-terminal PAC1R alternative splicing.
Authors: Jessica J Lu / Giuseppe Deganutti / Miaomiao Li / Laura J Humphrys / Yandi Li / Theodore J Nettleton / Hariprasad Venugopal / Villy Julita / George Christopoulos / Christopher A Reynolds / ...Authors: Jessica J Lu / Giuseppe Deganutti / Miaomiao Li / Laura J Humphrys / Yandi Li / Theodore J Nettleton / Hariprasad Venugopal / Villy Julita / George Christopoulos / Christopher A Reynolds / Patrick M Sexton / Denise Wootten / Peishen Zhao / Sarah J Piper /
Abstract: The pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) 1 receptor (PAC1R) is a class B1 G protein-coupled receptor activated by the endogenous peptide agonists PACAP and vasoactive intestinal ...The pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) 1 receptor (PAC1R) is a class B1 G protein-coupled receptor activated by the endogenous peptide agonists PACAP and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). Alternate splicing within the receptor extracellular domain (ECD) generates the PAC1R short variant (PAC1sR) that has selectively enhanced VIP function compared to the full-length, PAC1R null variant (PAC1nR). However, to date, a comprehensive pharmacological assessment of the downstream signaling outcomes of PAC1sR activation compared to PAC1nR has not been performed, and little information is available to mechanistically understand how ECD splicing may alter ligand engagement. Here, we demonstrated that VIP, but not PACAP, has globally enhanced activity across a broad range of functional endpoints at PAC1sR compared to PAC1nR. Cryo-EM structures of VIP-bound, stimulatory G protein (G)-coupled PAC1sR and PAC1nR, supported by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, demonstrate transient engagement of the null loop in PAC1nR, which is absent in PAC1sR, with residues in extracellular loop 2 (ECL2) and the N-terminal helix of the ECD. These interactions result in differential engagement of VIP with these domains and the top of TM2/ECL1 with PAC1sR and PAC1nR. Moreover, MD simulations predicted differential interactions of the G protein with the two PAC1R variants when bound by VIP that correlate with a greater allosteric influence of the G protein on VIP affinity at the PAC1sR, relative to PAC1nR. Our study provides insights into the structural basis and functional consequences of PAC1R ECD splicing, increasing understanding of PAC1R ligand selectivity and signaling.
History
DepositionJun 24, 2025Deposition site: RCSB / Processing site: RCSB
Revision 1.0Nov 19, 2025Provider: repository / Type: Initial release
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Structure visualization

Structure viewerMolecule:
MolmilJmol/JSmol

Downloads & links

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Assembly

Deposited unit
A: Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(s) subunit alpha isoforms short
B: Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-1
G: Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2
N: Nanobody35
R: Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide type I receptor
P: Vasoactive intestinal peptide


Theoretical massNumber of molelcules
Total (without water)165,9916
Polymers165,9916
Non-polymers00
Water00
1


  • Idetical with deposited unit
  • defined by author&software
  • Evidence: electron microscopy, not applicable
TypeNameSymmetry operationNumber
identity operation1_555x,y,z1

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Components

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Guanine nucleotide-binding protein ... , 3 types, 3 molecules ABG

#1: Protein Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(s) subunit alpha isoforms short / Adenylate cyclase-stimulating G alpha protein


Mass: 45683.434 Da / Num. of mol.: 1
Mutation: S54N, G226A, E268A, N271K, K274D, R280K, T284D, I285T , A366S
Source method: isolated from a genetically manipulated source
Source: (gene. exp.) Homo sapiens (human) / Gene: GNAS, GNAS1, GSP / Production host: Trichoplusia ni (cabbage looper) / References: UniProt: P63092
#2: Protein Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-1 / Transducin beta chain 1


Mass: 38534.062 Da / Num. of mol.: 1
Source method: isolated from a genetically manipulated source
Source: (gene. exp.) Homo sapiens (human) / Gene: GNB1 / Production host: Trichoplusia ni (cabbage looper) / References: UniProt: P62873
#3: Protein Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2 / G gamma-I


Mass: 7861.143 Da / Num. of mol.: 1
Source method: isolated from a genetically manipulated source
Source: (gene. exp.) Homo sapiens (human) / Gene: GNG2 / Production host: Trichoplusia ni (cabbage looper) / References: UniProt: P59768

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Antibody / Protein / Protein/peptide , 3 types, 3 molecules NRP

#4: Antibody Nanobody35


Mass: 15140.742 Da / Num. of mol.: 1
Source method: isolated from a genetically manipulated source
Source: (gene. exp.) Lama glama (llama) / Production host: Escherichia coli (E. coli)
#5: Protein Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide type I receptor / PACAP-R1


Mass: 55439.207 Da / Num. of mol.: 1
Source method: isolated from a genetically manipulated source
Source: (gene. exp.) Homo sapiens (human) / Gene: ADCYAP1R1 / Production host: Trichoplusia ni (cabbage looper) / References: UniProt: P41586
#6: Protein/peptide Vasoactive intestinal peptide / VIP / Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide


Mass: 3332.831 Da / Num. of mol.: 1 / Source method: obtained synthetically / Source: (synth.) Homo sapiens (human) / References: UniProt: P01282

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Details

Has protein modificationY

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Experimental details

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Experiment

ExperimentMethod: ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
EM experimentAggregation state: PARTICLE / 3D reconstruction method: single particle reconstruction

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Sample preparation

Component
IDNameTypeEntity IDParent-IDSource
1Gs coupled Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide type I receptor (PAC1nR) complex with VIP peptideCOMPLEXall0MULTIPLE SOURCES
2Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(s) subunit alpha isoforms short, Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-1, Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2, Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide type I receptorCOMPLEX#1-#3, #51RECOMBINANT
3Nanobody 35COMPLEX#41RECOMBINANT
4Vasoactive intestinal peptideCOMPLEX#61RECOMBINANT
Molecular weightExperimental value: NO
Source (natural)
IDEntity assembly-IDOrganismNcbi tax-ID
12Homo sapiens (human)9606
23Lama glama (llama)9844
34Homo sapiens (human)9606
Source (recombinant)
IDEntity assembly-IDOrganismNcbi tax-ID
12Trichoplusia ni (cabbage looper)7111
23Escherichia coli (E. coli)562
34synthetic construct (others)32630
Buffer solutionpH: 7.4
SpecimenConc.: 5.6 mg/ml / Embedding applied: NO / Shadowing applied: NO / Staining applied: NO / Vitrification applied: YES
VitrificationCryogen name: ETHANE

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Electron microscopy imaging

MicroscopyModel: TFS GLACIOS
Electron gunElectron source: FIELD EMISSION GUN / Accelerating voltage: 200 kV / Illumination mode: FLOOD BEAM
Electron lensMode: BRIGHT FIELD / Nominal defocus max: 2000 nm / Nominal defocus min: 200 nm
Image recordingElectron dose: 50 e/Å2 / Detector mode: COUNTING / Film or detector model: FEI FALCON IV (4k x 4k)

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Processing

EM software
IDNameCategory
1crYOLOparticle selection
13cryoSPARC3D reconstruction
CTF correctionType: PHASE FLIPPING AND AMPLITUDE CORRECTION
3D reconstructionResolution: 3.8 Å / Resolution method: FSC 0.143 CUT-OFF / Num. of particles: 79805 / Symmetry type: POINT
Atomic model buildingPDB-ID: 8E3X

8e3x


Accession code: 8E3X / Source name: PDB / Type: experimental model
RefinementHighest resolution: 3.8 Å
Stereochemistry target values: REAL-SPACE (WEIGHTED MAP SUM AT ATOM CENTERS)

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