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- PDB-9kd7: The structure of RNA polymerase II elongation complex paused at N... -

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Basic information

Entry
Database: PDB / ID: 9kd7
TitleThe structure of RNA polymerase II elongation complex paused at N-1 state by actinomycin D.
Components
  • (DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit ...) x 7
  • (DNA-directed RNA polymerases I, II, and III subunit ...) x 5
  • Actinomycin D
  • NTS(non-template strand)
  • RNA (5'-R(*CP*CP*CP*UP*AP*AP*GP*AP*GP*UP*AP*CP*C)-3')
  • TS(template strand)
KeywordsTRANSCRIPTION / RNA polymerase II elongation complex / actinomycin D / N-2 state structure
Function / homology
Function and homology information


RPB4-RPB7 complex / nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, deadenylation-dependent decay / RNA Polymerase I Transcription Initiation / Processing of Capped Intron-Containing Pre-mRNA / RNA Polymerase III Transcription Initiation From Type 2 Promoter / RNA Pol II CTD phosphorylation and interaction with CE / Formation of the Early Elongation Complex / mRNA Capping / RNA polymerase II transcribes snRNA genes / TP53 Regulates Transcription of DNA Repair Genes ...RPB4-RPB7 complex / nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, deadenylation-dependent decay / RNA Polymerase I Transcription Initiation / Processing of Capped Intron-Containing Pre-mRNA / RNA Polymerase III Transcription Initiation From Type 2 Promoter / RNA Pol II CTD phosphorylation and interaction with CE / Formation of the Early Elongation Complex / mRNA Capping / RNA polymerase II transcribes snRNA genes / TP53 Regulates Transcription of DNA Repair Genes / RNA Polymerase II Promoter Escape / RNA Polymerase II Transcription Pre-Initiation And Promoter Opening / RNA Polymerase II Transcription Initiation / RNA Polymerase II Transcription Initiation And Promoter Clearance / termination of RNA polymerase II transcription / RNA Polymerase II Pre-transcription Events / termination of RNA polymerase III transcription / RNA-templated transcription / Formation of TC-NER Pre-Incision Complex / positive regulation of nuclear-transcribed mRNA poly(A) tail shortening / RNA Polymerase I Promoter Escape / transcription initiation at RNA polymerase III promoter / termination of RNA polymerase I transcription / Gap-filling DNA repair synthesis and ligation in TC-NER / transcription initiation at RNA polymerase I promoter / nucleolar large rRNA transcription by RNA polymerase I / Estrogen-dependent gene expression / transcription by RNA polymerase III / maintenance of transcriptional fidelity during transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II / Dual incision in TC-NER / positive regulation of translational initiation / nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process / RNA polymerase I complex / RNA polymerase III complex / transcription elongation by RNA polymerase I / RNA polymerase II, core complex / tRNA transcription by RNA polymerase III / transcription by RNA polymerase I / translesion synthesis / transcription-coupled nucleotide-excision repair / translation initiation factor binding / transcription initiation at RNA polymerase II promoter / DNA-templated transcription initiation / transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II / P-body / mRNA transcription by RNA polymerase II / ribonucleoside binding / mRNA processing / DNA-directed RNA polymerase / cytoplasmic stress granule / DNA-directed RNA polymerase activity / peroxisome / single-stranded DNA binding / ribosome biogenesis / transcription by RNA polymerase II / nucleic acid binding / protein dimerization activity / single-stranded RNA binding / nucleotide binding / mRNA binding / nucleolus / mitochondrion / DNA binding / zinc ion binding / nucleoplasm / metal ion binding / nucleus / cytoplasm
Similarity search - Function
DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit Rpb4-like / RNA polymerase Rpb1 C-terminal repeat / RNA polymerase II, heptapeptide repeat, eukaryotic / Eukaryotic RNA polymerase II heptapeptide repeat. / RNA polymerase Rpb1, domain 6 / RNA polymerase Rpb1, domain 6 / RNA polymerase Rpb4/RPC9, core / DNA-directed RNA-polymerase II subunit / RNA polymerase Rpb1, domain 7 / RNA polymerase Rpb1, domain 7 superfamily ...DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit Rpb4-like / RNA polymerase Rpb1 C-terminal repeat / RNA polymerase II, heptapeptide repeat, eukaryotic / Eukaryotic RNA polymerase II heptapeptide repeat. / RNA polymerase Rpb1, domain 6 / RNA polymerase Rpb1, domain 6 / RNA polymerase Rpb4/RPC9, core / DNA-directed RNA-polymerase II subunit / RNA polymerase Rpb1, domain 7 / RNA polymerase Rpb1, domain 7 superfamily / RNA polymerase Rpb1, domain 7 / Pol II subunit B9, C-terminal zinc ribbon / Rpb4/RPC9 superfamily / RNA polymerase RBP11 / RNA polymerase subunit Rpb4/RPC9 / RNA polymerase Rpb4 / Zinc finger TFIIS-type signature. / RNA polymerase Rpb7-like , N-terminal / RNA polymerase Rpb7-like, N-terminal domain superfamily / RNA polymerase subunit Rpb7-like / SHS2 domain found in N terminus of Rpb7p/Rpc25p/MJ0397 / RNA polymerase Rpb2, domain 5 / RNA polymerase Rpb2, domain 5 / RNA polymerase Rpb2, domain 4 / RNA polymerase Rpb2, domain 4 / HRDC-like superfamily / DNA-directed RNA polymerase, M/15kDa subunit / RNA polymerases M/15 Kd subunit / RNA polymerase subunit 9 / DNA-directed RNA polymerase M, 15kDa subunit, conserved site / RNA polymerases M / 15 Kd subunits signature. / DNA-directed RNA polymerase subunit/transcription factor S / : / RNA polymerase, Rpb8 / DNA-directed RNA polymerases I, II, and III subunit RPABC4 / RNA polymerase Rpb8 / RNA polymerase subunit 8 / RNA polymerase, Rpb5, N-terminal / RNA polymerase Rpb5, N-terminal domain superfamily / RNA polymerase Rpb5, N-terminal domain / DNA-directed RNA polymerase, subunit RPB6 / DNA-directed RNA polymerase subunit RPABC5/Rpb10 / RNA polymerases, subunit N, zinc binding site / RNA polymerase subunit RPB10 / RNA polymerases N / 8 kDa subunit / RNA polymerases N / 8 Kd subunits signature. / RNA polymerase, subunit H/Rpb5, conserved site / RNA polymerases H / 23 Kd subunits signature. / DNA directed RNA polymerase, 7 kDa subunit / RNA polymerase archaeal subunit P/eukaryotic subunit RPABC4 / RNA polymerase subunit CX / DNA-directed RNA polymerase, 30-40kDa subunit, conserved site / DNA-directed RNA polymerase subunit Rpo3/Rpb3/RPAC1 / RNA polymerases D / 30 to 40 Kd subunits signature. / DNA-directed RNA polymerase Rpb11, 13-16kDa subunit, conserved site / DNA-directed RNA polymerase subunit Rpo11 / RNA polymerases L / 13 to 16 Kd subunits signature. / RNA polymerase subunit RPABC4/transcription elongation factor Spt4 / Zinc finger, TFIIS-type / Transcription factor S-II (TFIIS) / Zinc finger TFIIS-type profile. / C2C2 Zinc finger / DNA-directed RNA polymerase, RBP11-like dimerisation domain / RNA polymerase Rpb3/Rpb11 dimerisation domain / RNA polymerase, subunit H/Rpb5 C-terminal / DNA-directed RNA polymerase subunit Rpo5/Rpb5 / RPB5-like RNA polymerase subunit superfamily / RNA polymerase Rpb5, C-terminal domain / Archaeal Rpo6/eukaryotic RPB6 RNA polymerase subunit / DNA-directed RNA polymerase, 14-18kDa subunit, conserved site / RNA polymerases K / 14 to 18 Kd subunits signature. / Ribosomal protein S1-like RNA-binding domain / S1 RNA binding domain / S1 domain / DNA-directed RNA polymerase, subunit beta-prime / RNA polymerase Rpb6 / RNA polymerase Rpb2, domain 2 superfamily / RNA polymerase, subunit omega/Rpo6/RPB6 / RNA polymerase Rpb6 / RNA polymerase Rpb1, domain 3 superfamily / RPB6/omega subunit-like superfamily / RNA polymerase Rpb1, clamp domain superfamily / RNA polymerase Rpb1, domain 3 / RNA polymerase Rpb1, domain 3 / RNA polymerase, beta subunit, protrusion / RNA polymerase beta subunit / RNA polymerase Rpb1, domain 1 / RNA polymerase Rpb1, domain 1 / DNA-directed RNA polymerase, insert domain / DNA-directed RNA polymerase, RpoA/D/Rpb3-type / RNA polymerase Rpb3/RpoA insert domain / RNA polymerase Rpb3/Rpb11 dimerisation domain / RNA polymerases D / RNA polymerase, alpha subunit / RNA polymerase Rpb1, domain 5 / RNA polymerase Rpb1, domain 4 / RNA polymerase Rpb1, domain 2 / RNA polymerase Rpb1, domain 5 / RNA polymerase Rpb1, domain 4 / RNA polymerase Rpb2, domain 2
Similarity search - Domain/homology
Actinomycin D / DNA / DNA (> 10) / RNA / RNA (> 10) / DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit RPB1 / DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit RPB2 / DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit RPB3 / DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit RPB4 / DNA-directed RNA polymerases I, II, and III subunit RPABC1 ...Actinomycin D / DNA / DNA (> 10) / RNA / RNA (> 10) / DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit RPB1 / DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit RPB2 / DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit RPB3 / DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit RPB4 / DNA-directed RNA polymerases I, II, and III subunit RPABC1 / DNA-directed RNA polymerases I, II, and III subunit RPABC2 / DNA-directed RNA polymerases I, II, and III subunit RPABC3 / DNA-directed RNA polymerases I, II, and III subunit RPABC5 / DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit RPB9 / DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit RPB7 / DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit RPB11 / DNA-directed RNA polymerases I, II, and III subunit RPABC4
Similarity search - Component
Biological speciesSaccharomyces cerevisiae S288C (yeast)
Streptomyces sp. (bacteria)
synthetic construct (others)
MethodELECTRON MICROSCOPY / single particle reconstruction / cryo EM / Resolution: 3.09 Å
AuthorsXu, J. / Zhao, W. / Zhu, L.
Funding support China, 1items
OrganizationGrant numberCountry
National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) China
CitationJournal: Nat Commun / Year: 2026
Title: Stepwise transcription stalling by the anti-cancer drug Actinomycin D and insights into short tandem repeat transcription inhibition.
Authors: Weiqi Zhao / Liulian Zhu / Yankai Liu / Wenjing Deng / Xu Yang / Lei Ye / Zhiyuan Lin / Kefeng Ding / Xin Yang / Xuekun Li / Jun Xu /
Abstract: Short tandem repeats (STRs) comprise 6% of the human genome, and their transcription is linked to over 60 diseases. Actinomycin D (ACTD) is the first clinically approved anticancer antibiotic that ...Short tandem repeats (STRs) comprise 6% of the human genome, and their transcription is linked to over 60 diseases. Actinomycin D (ACTD) is the first clinically approved anticancer antibiotic that inhibits transcription through an incompletely understood mechanism. Here, using reconstituted yeast and mammalian systems, we investigate the mechanism of transcription inhibition and examine the impact of ACTD on STR transcription. We show that ACTD induces RNA polymerase II (Pol II) pausing at three distinct states and present structural snapshots of Pol II processing ACTD in these states. Furthermore, we examine ACTD's effects on Pol II transcribing five disease-linked, GC-rich STRs and resolve structures of Pol II in complex with ACTD during the transcription of CTG repeats associated with myotonic dystrophy type 1. Our findings reveal the structural basis of ACTD-mediated transcription inhibition and provide a framework for the rational modification of ACTD to target STR-associated disorders.
History
DepositionNov 3, 2024Deposition site: PDBJ / Processing site: PDBC
Revision 1.0Nov 12, 2025Provider: repository / Type: Initial release
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Structure visualization

Structure viewerMolecule:
MolmilJmol/JSmol

Downloads & links

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Assembly

Deposited unit
A: DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit RPB1
B: DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit RPB2
C: DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit RPB3
D: DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit RPB4
E: DNA-directed RNA polymerases I, II, and III subunit RPABC1
F: DNA-directed RNA polymerases I, II, and III subunit RPABC2
G: DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit RPB7
H: DNA-directed RNA polymerases I, II, and III subunit RPABC3
I: DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit RPB9
J: DNA-directed RNA polymerases I, II, and III subunit RPABC5
K: DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit RPB11
L: DNA-directed RNA polymerases I, II, and III subunit RPABC4
M: Actinomycin D
N: NTS(non-template strand)
P: RNA (5'-R(*CP*CP*CP*UP*AP*AP*GP*AP*GP*UP*AP*CP*C)-3')
T: TS(template strand)
hetero molecules


Theoretical massNumber of molelcules
Total (without water)550,18225
Polymers549,63516
Non-polymers5489
Water00
1


  • Idetical with deposited unit
  • defined by author
  • Evidence: electron microscopy, not applicable
TypeNameSymmetry operationNumber
identity operation1_5551

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Components

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DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit ... , 7 types, 7 molecules ABCDGIK

#1: Protein DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit RPB1 / RNA polymerase II subunit 1 / RNA polymerase II subunit B1 / DNA-directed RNA polymerase III ...RNA polymerase II subunit 1 / RNA polymerase II subunit B1 / DNA-directed RNA polymerase III largest subunit / RNA polymerase II subunit B220


Mass: 191821.578 Da / Num. of mol.: 1 / Source method: isolated from a natural source / Source: (natural) Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C (yeast) / References: UniProt: P04050, DNA-directed RNA polymerase
#2: Protein DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit RPB2 / RNA polymerase II subunit 2 / B150 / DNA-directed RNA polymerase II 140 kDa polypeptide


Mass: 138937.297 Da / Num. of mol.: 1 / Source method: isolated from a natural source / Source: (natural) Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C (yeast) / References: UniProt: P08518, DNA-directed RNA polymerase
#3: Protein DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit RPB3 / RNA polymerase II subunit 3 / RNA polymerase II subunit B3 / B44.5 / DNA-directed RNA polymerase II ...RNA polymerase II subunit 3 / RNA polymerase II subunit B3 / B44.5 / DNA-directed RNA polymerase II 45 kDa polypeptide


Mass: 35330.457 Da / Num. of mol.: 1 / Source method: isolated from a natural source / Source: (natural) Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C (yeast) / References: UniProt: P16370
#4: Protein DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit RPB4 / RNA polymerase II subunit B4 / B32 / DNA-directed RNA polymerase II 32 kDa polypeptide


Mass: 25451.191 Da / Num. of mol.: 1
Source method: isolated from a genetically manipulated source
Source: (gene. exp.) Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C (yeast) / Gene: RPB4, YJL140W, J0654 / Production host: Escherichia coli BL21 (bacteria) / References: UniProt: P20433
#7: Protein DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit RPB7 / RNA polymerase II subunit B7 / B16


Mass: 19081.053 Da / Num. of mol.: 1 / Source method: isolated from a natural source / Source: (natural) Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C (yeast) / References: UniProt: P34087
#9: Protein DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit RPB9 / RNA polymerase II subunit B9 / B12.6 / DNA-directed RNA polymerase II 14.2 kDa polypeptide / DNA- ...RNA polymerase II subunit B9 / B12.6 / DNA-directed RNA polymerase II 14.2 kDa polypeptide / DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit 9


Mass: 14308.161 Da / Num. of mol.: 1 / Source method: isolated from a natural source / Source: (natural) Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C (yeast) / References: UniProt: P27999
#11: Protein DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit RPB11 / RNA polymerase II subunit B11 / B13.6 / DNA-directed RNA polymerase II 13.6 kDa polypeptide


Mass: 13633.493 Da / Num. of mol.: 1 / Source method: isolated from a natural source / Source: (natural) Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C (yeast) / References: UniProt: P38902

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DNA-directed RNA polymerases I, II, and III subunit ... , 5 types, 5 molecules EFHJL

#5: Protein DNA-directed RNA polymerases I, II, and III subunit RPABC1 / RNA polymerases I / II / and III subunit ABC1 / ABC27 / DNA-directed RNA polymerases I / and III 27 ...RNA polymerases I / II / and III subunit ABC1 / ABC27 / DNA-directed RNA polymerases I / and III 27 kDa polypeptide


Mass: 25117.094 Da / Num. of mol.: 1 / Source method: isolated from a natural source / Source: (natural) Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C (yeast) / References: UniProt: P20434
#6: Protein DNA-directed RNA polymerases I, II, and III subunit RPABC2 / RNA polymerases I / II / and III subunit ABC2 / ABC23 / DNA-directed RNA polymerases I / and III 23 ...RNA polymerases I / II / and III subunit ABC2 / ABC23 / DNA-directed RNA polymerases I / and III 23 kDa polypeptide


Mass: 17931.834 Da / Num. of mol.: 1 / Source method: isolated from a natural source / Source: (natural) Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C (yeast) / References: UniProt: P20435
#8: Protein DNA-directed RNA polymerases I, II, and III subunit RPABC3 / RNA polymerases I / II / and III subunit ABC3 / ABC14.4 / ABC14.5 / DNA-directed RNA polymerases I ...RNA polymerases I / II / and III subunit ABC3 / ABC14.4 / ABC14.5 / DNA-directed RNA polymerases I / and III 14.5 kDa polypeptide


Mass: 16525.363 Da / Num. of mol.: 1 / Source method: isolated from a natural source / Source: (natural) Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C (yeast) / References: UniProt: P20436
#10: Protein DNA-directed RNA polymerases I, II, and III subunit RPABC5 / RNA polymerases I / II / and III subunit ABC5 / ABC10-beta / ABC8 / DNA-directed RNA polymerases I ...RNA polymerases I / II / and III subunit ABC5 / ABC10-beta / ABC8 / DNA-directed RNA polymerases I / and III 8.3 kDa polypeptide


Mass: 8290.732 Da / Num. of mol.: 1 / Source method: isolated from a natural source / Source: (natural) Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C (yeast) / References: UniProt: P22139
#12: Protein DNA-directed RNA polymerases I, II, and III subunit RPABC4 / RNA polymerases I / II / and III subunit ABC4 / ABC10-alpha


Mass: 7729.969 Da / Num. of mol.: 1 / Source method: isolated from a natural source / Source: (natural) Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C (yeast) / References: UniProt: P40422

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DNA chain , 2 types, 2 molecules NT

#14: DNA chain NTS(non-template strand)


Mass: 15001.663 Da / Num. of mol.: 1 / Source method: obtained synthetically / Source: (synth.) synthetic construct (others)
#16: DNA chain TS(template strand)


Mass: 15082.698 Da / Num. of mol.: 1 / Source method: obtained synthetically / Source: (synth.) synthetic construct (others)

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Protein/peptide / RNA chain , 2 types, 2 molecules MP

#13: Protein/peptide Actinomycin D


Type: Polypeptide / Class: Antibiotic / Mass: 1291.446 Da / Num. of mol.: 1 / Source method: isolated from a natural source
Details: ACTINOMYCIN D CONSISTS OF TWO PENTAMER RINGS LINKED BY THE CHROMOPHORE (PXZ)
Source: (natural) Streptomyces sp. (bacteria) / References: Actinomycin D
#15: RNA chain RNA (5'-R(*CP*CP*CP*UP*AP*AP*GP*AP*GP*UP*AP*CP*C)-3')


Mass: 4100.517 Da / Num. of mol.: 1 / Source method: obtained synthetically / Source: (synth.) synthetic construct (others)

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Non-polymers , 2 types, 9 molecules

#17: Chemical
ChemComp-ZN / ZINC ION


Mass: 65.409 Da / Num. of mol.: 8 / Source method: obtained synthetically / Formula: Zn
#18: Chemical ChemComp-MG / MAGNESIUM ION


Mass: 24.305 Da / Num. of mol.: 1 / Source method: obtained synthetically / Formula: Mg

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Details

Compound detailsACTINOMYCIN D IS A BICYCLIC PEPTIDE, A MEMBER OF THE ACTINOMYCIN FAMILY. HERE, ACTINOMYCIN D IS ...ACTINOMYCIN D IS A BICYCLIC PEPTIDE, A MEMBER OF THE ACTINOMYCIN FAMILY. HERE, ACTINOMYCIN D IS REPRESENTED BY THE SEQUENCE (SEQRES)
Has ligand of interestY
Has protein modificationY

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Experimental details

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Experiment

ExperimentMethod: ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
EM experimentAggregation state: PARTICLE / 3D reconstruction method: single particle reconstruction

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Sample preparation

ComponentName: DNA-directed RNA polymerase II elongation complex in complex with actinomycin D at n-1 state
Type: COMPLEX / Entity ID: #1-#16 / Source: NATURAL
Molecular weightValue: 0.45 MDa / Experimental value: NO
Source (natural)Organism: Saccharomyces cerevisiae (brewer's yeast)
Buffer solutionpH: 7.5
SpecimenEmbedding applied: NO / Shadowing applied: NO / Staining applied: NO / Vitrification applied: YES
VitrificationCryogen name: ETHANE

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Electron microscopy imaging

Experimental equipment
Model: Titan Krios / Image courtesy: FEI Company
MicroscopyModel: TFS KRIOS
Electron gunElectron source: FIELD EMISSION GUN / Accelerating voltage: 300 kV / Illumination mode: FLOOD BEAM
Electron lensMode: BRIGHT FIELD / Nominal defocus max: 1800 nm / Nominal defocus min: 1200 nm
Image recordingElectron dose: 49.4 e/Å2 / Film or detector model: GATAN K2 SUMMIT (4k x 4k)

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Processing

EM software
IDNameCategory
1cryoSPARCparticle selection
8PHENIXmodel refinement
13cryoSPARC3D reconstruction
CTF correctionType: NONE
3D reconstructionResolution: 3.09 Å / Resolution method: FSC 0.143 CUT-OFF / Num. of particles: 60673 / Symmetry type: POINT
RefinementHighest resolution: 3.09 Å
Stereochemistry target values: REAL-SPACE (WEIGHTED MAP SUM AT ATOM CENTERS)
Refine LS restraints
Refine-IDTypeDev idealNumber
ELECTRON MICROSCOPYf_bond_d0.00333810
ELECTRON MICROSCOPYf_angle_d0.54945928
ELECTRON MICROSCOPYf_dihedral_angle_d12.6354986
ELECTRON MICROSCOPYf_chiral_restr0.0435163
ELECTRON MICROSCOPYf_plane_restr0.0045737

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