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Entry
Database: PDB / ID: 24ew
TitleSARS-CoV-2 polymerase with incorporated and pre-incorporated AT-9052-Sp
Components
  • (Non-structural protein ...) x 2
  • RNA (5'-R(P*AP*UP*UP*AP*AP*GP*UP*UP*AP*U)-3')
  • RNA (5'-R(P*CP*CP*CP*CP*AP*UP*AP*AP*CP*UP*UP*AP*AP*U)-3')
  • RNA-directed RNA polymerase
KeywordsRNA BINDING PROTEIN / RNA polymerase / RNA Exonuclease / coronavirus / arenavirus / stereospecificity
Function / homology
Function and homology information


protein guanylyltransferase activity / RNA endonuclease activity producing 3'-phosphomonoesters, hydrolytic mechanism / 5'-3' RNA helicase activity / Lyases; Phosphorus-oxygen lyases / Assembly of the SARS-CoV-2 Replication-Transcription Complex (RTC) / symbiont-mediated suppression of host cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway via inhibition of TBK1 activity / Maturation of replicase proteins / TRAF3-dependent IRF activation pathway / ISG15-specific peptidase activity / Transcription of SARS-CoV-2 sgRNAs ...protein guanylyltransferase activity / RNA endonuclease activity producing 3'-phosphomonoesters, hydrolytic mechanism / 5'-3' RNA helicase activity / Lyases; Phosphorus-oxygen lyases / Assembly of the SARS-CoV-2 Replication-Transcription Complex (RTC) / symbiont-mediated suppression of host cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway via inhibition of TBK1 activity / Maturation of replicase proteins / TRAF3-dependent IRF activation pathway / ISG15-specific peptidase activity / Transcription of SARS-CoV-2 sgRNAs / snRNP Assembly / Translation of Replicase and Assembly of the Replication Transcription Complex / Replication of the SARS-CoV-2 genome / Hydrolases; Acting on ester bonds; Exoribonucleases producing 5'-phosphomonoesters / double membrane vesicle viral factory outer membrane / SARS coronavirus main proteinase / host cell endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment / host cell endosome / 3'-5'-RNA exonuclease activity / symbiont-mediated degradation of host mRNA / 5'-3' DNA helicase activity / mRNA guanylyltransferase / symbiont-mediated suppression of host toll-like receptor signaling pathway / symbiont-mediated suppression of host ISG15-protein conjugation / G-quadruplex RNA binding / mRNA guanylyltransferase activity / symbiont-mediated suppression of host cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway via inhibition of IRF3 activity / omega peptidase activity / mRNA (guanine-N7)-methyltransferase / methyltransferase cap1 / DNA helicase / symbiont-mediated suppression of host NF-kappaB cascade / SARS-CoV-2 modulates host translation machinery / symbiont-mediated perturbation of host ubiquitin-like protein modification / host cell Golgi apparatus / methyltransferase cap1 activity / mRNA 5'-cap (guanine-N7-)-methyltransferase activity / cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity / ubiquitinyl hydrolase 1 / Hydrolases; Acting on peptide bonds (peptidases); Cysteine endopeptidases / lyase activity / single-stranded RNA binding / viral protein processing / host cell perinuclear region of cytoplasm / host cell endoplasmic reticulum membrane / RNA helicase / symbiont-mediated suppression of host type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway / symbiont-mediated suppression of host gene expression / copper ion binding / viral translational frameshifting / symbiont-mediated activation of host autophagy / RNA-directed RNA polymerase / cysteine-type endopeptidase activity / viral RNA genome replication / RNA-directed RNA polymerase activity / lipid binding / host cell nucleus / SARS-CoV-2 activates/modulates innate and adaptive immune responses / DNA-templated transcription / ATP hydrolysis activity / proteolysis / RNA binding / zinc ion binding / ATP binding
Similarity search - Function
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, SARS-CoV-like / Nonstructural protein 14, betacoronavirus / NSP15, NendoU domain, coronavirus / Nonstructural protein 15, middle domain, alpha/betacoronavirus / Nonstructural protein 15, N-terminal domain, alpha/beta-coronavirus / NSP14, guanine-N7-methyltransferase domain, coronavirus / Coronavirus (CoV) guanine-N7-methyltransferase (N7-MTase) domain profile. / Coronavirus (CoV) Nsp15 N-terminal oligomerization domain profile. / NSP12 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, coronavirus / : ...RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, SARS-CoV-like / Nonstructural protein 14, betacoronavirus / NSP15, NendoU domain, coronavirus / Nonstructural protein 15, middle domain, alpha/betacoronavirus / Nonstructural protein 15, N-terminal domain, alpha/beta-coronavirus / NSP14, guanine-N7-methyltransferase domain, coronavirus / Coronavirus (CoV) guanine-N7-methyltransferase (N7-MTase) domain profile. / Coronavirus (CoV) Nsp15 N-terminal oligomerization domain profile. / NSP12 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, coronavirus / : / Coronavirus Nsp12 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) domain profile. / Coronavirus Nsp12 Interface domain profile. / : / : / Coronavirus Nonstructural protein 13, 1B domain / Coronavirus Non-structural protein 13, zinc-binding domain / Coronavirus Nonstructural protein 13, stalk domain / Nidovirus 2-O-methyltransferase / Nidovirus 2'-O-methyltransferase (2'-O-MTase) domain profile. / Non-structural protein NSP15, N-terminal domain superfamily, coronavirus / Non-structural protein NSP15, middle domain superfamily / Coronavirus replicase NSP15, N-terminal oligomerization / Nonstructural protein 15, middle domain, coronavirus / Nonstructural protein 13, 1B domain, coronavirus / Coronavirus replicase NSP15, middle domain / Coronavirus replicase NSP15, N-terminal oligomerisation / Nidovirus 3'-5' exoribonuclease domain / Nidovirus 3'-5' exoribonuclease (ExoN) domain profile. / Non-structural protein NSP16, coronavirus-like / Non-structural protein 14, coronavirus / RNA polymerase, N-terminal, coronavirus / Coronavirus 2'-O-methyltransferase / Coronavirus proofreading exoribonuclease / Coronavirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, N-terminal / Nonstructural protein 13, zinc-binding domain, coronavirus-like / Coronaviridae zinc-binding (CV ZBD) domain profile. / Arterivirus Nsp11 N-terminal/Coronavirus NSP15 middle domain / Arterivirus Nsp11 N-terminal/coronavirus NSP15 middle (AV-Nsp11N/CoV-Nsp15M) domain profile. / Nidoviral uridylate-specific endoribonuclease (NendoU) domain profile. / Nidovirus RdRp-associated nucleotidyl transferase (NiRAN) domain / Nidovirus RdRp-associated nucleotidyl transferase (NiRAN) domain profile. / Endoribonuclease EndoU-like / NendoU domain, nidovirus / Coronavirus replicase NSP15, uridylate-specific endoribonuclease / : / Lipocalin signature. / DNA2/NAM7 helicase-like, C-terminal / AAA domain / (+) RNA virus helicase core domain / (+)RNA virus helicase core domain profile. / Non-structural protein NSP3, SUD-N (Mac2) domain, betacoronavirus / Sarbecovirus Nsp3c-N domain profile. / Non-structural protein NSP3, N-terminal, betacoronavirus / Polyprotein cleavage domain PL2pro superfamily, betacoronavirus / Non-structural protein NSP3, SUD-N (Mac2) domain superfamily, betacoronavirus / Betacoronavirus SUD-C domain / Betacoronavirus replicase NSP3, N-terminal / NSP1 globular domain superfamily, betacoronavirus / Non-structural protein 2, SARS-CoV-like / Coronavirus Nsp6 transmembrane protein profile. / Coronavirus Nsp4 ectodomain (4Ecto) profile. / Betacoronavirus single-stranded poly(A) binding domain / Betacoronavirus Nsp3c-M domain profile. / NSP1, globular domain, betacoronavirus / Non-structural protein NSP3, SUD-M domain, betacoronavirus / Non-structural protein NSP3, SUD-M domain superfamily, betacoronavirus / Betacoronavirus replicase NSP1 / NSP1, C-terminal domain, betacoronavirus / Betacoronavirus (BetaCoV) Nsp1 C-terminal domain profile. / : / Betacoronavirus Nsp3e group 2-specific marker (G2M) domain profile. / Betacoronavirus Nsp3c-C domain profile. / Betacoronavirus Nsp3e nucleic acid-binding (NAB) domain profile. / DPUP/SUD, C-terminal, betacoronavirus / Non-structural protein NSP3, nucleic acid-binding domain, betacoronavirus / Non-structural protein NSP3A domain-like superfamily / Non-structural protein NSP3, nucleic acid-binding domain superfamily, betacoronavirus / Non-structural protein 6, betacoronavirus / Betacoronavirus nucleic acid-binding (NAB) / Papain-like viral protease, palm and finger domains, coronavirus / Papain-like protease, N-terminal domain superfamily, coronavirus / Carbamoyl-phosphate synthase subdomain signature 2. / Coronavirus replicase NSP2, N-terminal / : / Coronavirus (CoV) Nsp2 middle domain profile. / NSP1, globular domain, alpha/betacoronavirus / Coronavirus (CoV) Nsp1 globular domain profile. / Coronavirus (CoV) Nsp2 N-terminal domain profile. / Coronavirus (CoV) Nsp2 C-terminal domain profile. / Nonstructural protein 2, N-terminal domain, coronavirus / Non-structural protein 2, C-terminal domain, coronavirus / NSP3, second ubiquitin-like (Ubl) domain, coronavirus / Coronavirus Nsp3a Ubl domain profile. / Coronavirus Nsp3d Ubl domain profile. / NSP3, first ubiquitin-like (Ubl) domain, coronavirus / Peptidase family C16 domain profile. / : / : / Coronavirus Nsp3 ectodomain (3Ecto) profile. / Coronavirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) Nsp7 cofactor domain profile.
Similarity search - Domain/homology
: / Chem-IF9 / PYROPHOSPHATE 2- / RNA / RNA (> 10) / Replicase polyprotein 1ab
Similarity search - Component
Biological speciesSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
synthetic construct (others)
MethodELECTRON MICROSCOPY / single particle reconstruction / cryo EM / Resolution: 2.39 Å
AuthorsZhu, Y.X. / Shi, H. / Wang, M.F.
Funding support France, 1items
OrganizationGrant numberCountry
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) France
CitationJournal: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A / Year: 2026
Title: Consecutive catalytic steps of viral RNA polymerase and exonuclease suggest a way to overcome intrinsic nucleotide analogue resistance.
Authors: Ashleigh Shannon / Véronique Fattorini / Candice Sartre / Aurélie Chazot / Adel Moussa / Jean-Pierre Sommadossi / Yingxiao Zhu / Manfu Wang / Hui Shi / François Ferron / Karine Alvarez / Bruno Canard /
Abstract: Nucleotide analogues (NAs) have been successfully used for the treatment of various RNA virus infections by selectively targeting the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) for incorporation into ...Nucleotide analogues (NAs) have been successfully used for the treatment of various RNA virus infections by selectively targeting the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) for incorporation into the viral genome. However two major families of human-infecting RNA viruses, (CoV) and encode exonuclease domains that may recognize and remove incorporated NAs, thus providing natural resistance against some of these drugs. Both polymerization and excision reactions are mechanistically centered on the nucleotide α-phosphate, enabling the potential for sequential inhibition of both RNA synthesis and repair. Here, we provide structural evidence of inversion of configuration at the phosphorus center during polymerization, demonstrating that the SARS-CoV-2 RdRp proceeds through an S2 mechanism. A 2.39 Å resolution cryo-EM structure of a ternary replication complex bound to RNA and an α-thio-modified NTP shows that incorporation of the preferred isomer at the 3' end of the RNA yields a phosphorothioate linkage in the configuration. This -phosphorothioate RNA product shows reduced cleavage by both the SARS-CoV-2 and three arenavirus RNA exonucleases, revealing a stereochemical preference opposite to that of structurally related DNA exonucleases. This observation contradicts the prevailing assumption that sulfur substitution at the metal-coordinating oxygen universally blocks catalysis. Instead, RNA exonuclease stereoselectivity appears to be shaped not only by metal-sulfur interactions but also by the geometry of nucleophile activation. These findings provide mechanistic insights into phosphoryl transfer in viral polymerases and exonucleases and highlight opportunities to counteract intrinsic nuclease-mediated resistance against antiviral nucleotide analogues.
History
DepositionMar 2, 2026Deposition site: PDBJ / Processing site: PDBJ
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Structure visualization

Structure viewerMolecule:
MolmilJmol/JSmol

Downloads & links

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Assembly

Deposited unit
B: Non-structural protein 8
C: Non-structural protein 7
I: RNA (5'-R(P*AP*UP*UP*AP*AP*GP*UP*UP*AP*U)-3')
J: RNA (5'-R(P*CP*CP*CP*CP*AP*UP*AP*AP*CP*UP*UP*AP*AP*U)-3')
A: RNA-directed RNA polymerase
D: Non-structural protein 8
hetero molecules


Theoretical massNumber of molelcules
Total (without water)188,84214
Polymers187,4326
Non-polymers1,4108
Water00
1


  • Idetical with deposited unit
  • defined by author
  • Evidence: electron microscopy
TypeNameSymmetry operationNumber
identity operation1_5551

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Components

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Non-structural protein ... , 2 types, 3 molecules BDC

#1: Protein Non-structural protein 8 / nsp8


Mass: 24712.006 Da / Num. of mol.: 2
Source method: isolated from a genetically manipulated source
Source: (gene. exp.) Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
Gene: rep, 1a-1b / Production host: Escherichia coli (E. coli) / References: UniProt: P0DTD1
#2: Protein Non-structural protein 7 / nsp7


Mass: 12337.141 Da / Num. of mol.: 1
Source method: isolated from a genetically manipulated source
Source: (gene. exp.) Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
Gene: rep, 1a-1b / Production host: Escherichia coli (E. coli) / References: UniProt: P0DTD1

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RNA chain , 2 types, 2 molecules IJ

#3: RNA chain RNA (5'-R(P*AP*UP*UP*AP*AP*GP*UP*UP*AP*U)-3')


Mass: 6410.816 Da / Num. of mol.: 1 / Source method: obtained synthetically / Source: (synth.) synthetic construct (others)
#4: RNA chain RNA (5'-R(P*CP*CP*CP*CP*AP*UP*AP*AP*CP*UP*UP*AP*AP*U)-3')


Mass: 9348.616 Da / Num. of mol.: 1 / Source method: obtained synthetically / Source: (synth.) synthetic construct (others)

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Protein , 1 types, 1 molecules A

#5: Protein RNA-directed RNA polymerase / Pol / RdRp / Non-structural protein 12 / nsp12


Mass: 109911.383 Da / Num. of mol.: 1
Source method: isolated from a genetically manipulated source
Source: (gene. exp.) Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
Gene: rep, 1a-1b / Production host: Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm) / References: UniProt: P0DTD1, RNA-directed RNA polymerase

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Non-polymers , 5 types, 8 molecules

#6: Chemical ChemComp-IF9 / [[(2R,3R,4R,5R)-5-(2-azanyl-6-oxidanylidene-1H-purin-9-yl)-4-fluoranyl-4-methyl-3-oxidanyl-oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-sulfanyl-phosphoryl] dihydrogen phosphate


Mass: 475.284 Da / Num. of mol.: 1 / Source method: obtained synthetically / Formula: C11H16FN5O9P2S / Feature type: SUBJECT OF INVESTIGATION
#7: Chemical ChemComp-ZN / ZINC ION


Mass: 65.409 Da / Num. of mol.: 2 / Source method: obtained synthetically / Formula: Zn
#8: Chemical ChemComp-MG / MAGNESIUM ION


Mass: 24.305 Da / Num. of mol.: 3 / Source method: obtained synthetically / Formula: Mg
#9: Chemical ChemComp-A1ME1 / [[(2~{R},3~{R},4~{R},5~{R})-5-(2-azanyl-6-oxidanylidene-1~{H}-purin-9-yl)-4-fluoranyl-4-methyl-3-oxidanyl-oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-sulfanyl-phosphoryl] phosphono hydrogen phosphate


Mass: 555.264 Da / Num. of mol.: 1 / Source method: obtained synthetically / Formula: C11H17FN5O12P3S / Feature type: SUBJECT OF INVESTIGATION
#10: Chemical ChemComp-POP / PYROPHOSPHATE 2-


Mass: 175.959 Da / Num. of mol.: 1 / Source method: obtained synthetically / Formula: H2O7P2

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Details

Has ligand of interestY
Has protein modificationN

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Experimental details

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Experiment

ExperimentMethod: ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
EM experimentAggregation state: PARTICLE / 3D reconstruction method: single particle reconstruction

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Sample preparation

ComponentName: ternary RNA-RTC-AT-9052-SP complex / Type: COMPLEX / Entity ID: #1-#5 / Source: RECOMBINANT
Molecular weightValue: 0.16 MDa / Experimental value: NO
Source (natural)Organism: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
Source (recombinant)Organism: Escherichia coli (E. coli)
Buffer solutionpH: 8
SpecimenConc.: 5 mg/ml / Embedding applied: NO / Shadowing applied: NO / Staining applied: NO / Vitrification applied: YES
VitrificationCryogen name: ETHANE / Humidity: 100 %

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Electron microscopy imaging

Experimental equipment
Model: Titan Krios / Image courtesy: FEI Company
MicroscopyModel: TFS KRIOS
Electron gunElectron source: FIELD EMISSION GUN / Accelerating voltage: 300 kV / Illumination mode: FLOOD BEAM
Electron lensMode: BRIGHT FIELD / Nominal defocus max: 2600 nm / Nominal defocus min: 1000 nm / Cs: 2.7 mm
Image recordingElectron dose: 55 e/Å2 / Film or detector model: FEI FALCON IV (4k x 4k)

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Processing

EM software
IDNameCategory
1cryoSPARCparticle selection
13cryoSPARC3D reconstruction
CTF correctionType: PHASE FLIPPING AND AMPLITUDE CORRECTION
3D reconstructionResolution: 2.39 Å / Resolution method: FSC 0.143 CUT-OFF / Num. of particles: 362447 / Symmetry type: POINT

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