Journal: Environ Sci Technol / Year: 2016 Title: Genetic, Structural, and Phenotypic Properties of MS2 Coliphage with Resistance to ClO Disinfection. Authors: Qingxia Zhong / Anna Carratalà / Sergey Nazarov / Ricardo Cesar Guerrero-Ferreira / Laura Piccinini / Virginie Bachmann / Petr G Leiman / Tamar Kohn / Abstract: Common water disinfectants like chlorine have been reported to select for resistant viruses, yet little attention has been devoted to characterizing disinfection resistance. Here, we investigated the ...Common water disinfectants like chlorine have been reported to select for resistant viruses, yet little attention has been devoted to characterizing disinfection resistance. Here, we investigated the resistance of MS2 coliphage to inactivation by chlorine dioxide (ClO). ClO inactivates MS2 by degrading its structural proteins, thereby disrupting the ability of MS2 to attach to and infect its host. ClO-resistant virus populations emerged not only after repeated cycles of ClO disinfection followed by regrowth but also after dilution-regrowth cycles in the absence of ClO. The resistant populations exhibited several fixed mutations which caused the substitution of ClO-labile by ClO-stable amino acids. On a phenotypic level, these mutations resulted in a more stable host binding during inactivation compared to the wild-type, thus resulting in a greater ability to maintain infectivity. This conclusion was supported by cryo-electron microscopy reconstruction of the virus particle, which demonstrated that most structural modification occurred in the putative A protein, an important binding factor. Resistance was specific to the inactivation mechanism of ClO and did not result in significant cross-resistance to genome-damaging disinfectants. Overall, our data indicate that resistant viruses may emerge even in the absence of ClO pressure but that they can be inactivated by other common disinfectants.
History
Deposition
Sep 12, 2016
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Header (metadata) release
Oct 19, 2016
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Map release
Oct 19, 2016
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Update
Jul 12, 2017
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Current status
Jul 12, 2017
Processing site: PDBe / Status: Released
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Structure visualization
Movie
Surface view with section colored by density value
Name: Enterobacterio phage MS2 / type: virus / ID: 1 / Parent: 0 Details: Wildtype MS2 populations were subjected to repeated propagation without ClO2 exposure. NE01 (non-exposed control 1) is the first of the five resulting populations. NCBI-ID: 12022 / Sci species name: Enterobacterio phage MS2 / Sci species strain: MS2-NE01 / Virus type: VIRION / Virus isolate: STRAIN / Virus enveloped: No / Virus empty: No
Host (natural)
Organism: Escherichia coli (E. coli)
Virus shell
Shell ID: 1 / T number (triangulation number): 3
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Experimental details
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Structure determination
Method
cryo EM
Processing
single particle reconstruction
Aggregation state
particle
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Sample preparation
Buffer
pH: 7.4 Details: Phosphate buffered saline: 5 mM Na2HPO4, 10 mM NaCl, pH 7.4
Grid
Model: Quantifoil / Material: COPPER / Mesh: 300 / Support film - Material: CARBON / Support film - topology: HOLEY ARRAY / Pretreatment - Type: GLOW DISCHARGE
Vitrification
Cryogen name: ETHANE / Chamber humidity: 100 % / Instrument: FEI VITROBOT MARK IV
Details
Stock solution concentration: 10E12 pfu/ml.
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Electron microscopy
Microscope
FEI TECNAI F20
Image recording
Film or detector model: FEI EAGLE (4k x 4k) / Number real images: 717 / Average exposure time: 1.0 sec. / Average electron dose: 25.0 e/Å2
Electron beam
Acceleration voltage: 200 kV / Electron source: FIELD EMISSION GUN
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