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- EMDB-61371: Cryo-EM structure of the proton-sensing GPCR (GPR4)-Gq protein co... -

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Entry
Database: EMDB / ID: EMD-61371
TitleCryo-EM structure of the proton-sensing GPCR (GPR4)-Gq protein complex at pH 7.4
Map data
Sample
  • Complex: Cryo-EM structure of the proton-sensing GPCR (GPR4)-Gq protein complex at pH 7.4
    • Protein or peptide: Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha
    • Protein or peptide: Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-1
    • Protein or peptide: Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2
    • Protein or peptide: Nanobody 35
    • Protein or peptide: G-protein coupled receptor 4
  • Ligand: CHOLESTEROL
  • Ligand: 2-[[(2~{R})-3-acetyloxy-2-oxidanyl-propoxy]-oxidanyl-phosphoryl]oxyethyl-trimethyl-azanium
  • Ligand: water
KeywordsCryo-EM / GPCR / proton-sensing / GPR4 / pH 7.4 / Gq / complex / SIGNALING PROTEIN
Function / homology
Function and homology information


glomerular mesangial cell development / regulation of vascular permeability / Class A/1 (Rhodopsin-like receptors) / response to acidic pH / angiogenesis involved in wound healing / positive regulation of Rho protein signal transduction / regulation of cell adhesion / negative regulation of angiogenesis / G protein-coupled receptor activity / Olfactory Signaling Pathway ...glomerular mesangial cell development / regulation of vascular permeability / Class A/1 (Rhodopsin-like receptors) / response to acidic pH / angiogenesis involved in wound healing / positive regulation of Rho protein signal transduction / regulation of cell adhesion / negative regulation of angiogenesis / G protein-coupled receptor activity / Olfactory Signaling Pathway / Activation of the phototransduction cascade / G beta:gamma signalling through PLC beta / Presynaptic function of Kainate receptors / Thromboxane signalling through TP receptor / G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway / adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway / G-protein activation / Activation of G protein gated Potassium channels / Inhibition of voltage gated Ca2+ channels via Gbeta/gamma subunits / Prostacyclin signalling through prostacyclin receptor / G beta:gamma signalling through CDC42 / positive regulation of inflammatory response / Glucagon signaling in metabolic regulation / G beta:gamma signalling through BTK / Synthesis, secretion, and inactivation of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) / ADP signalling through P2Y purinoceptor 12 / Sensory perception of sweet, bitter, and umami (glutamate) taste / photoreceptor disc membrane / Glucagon-type ligand receptors / Adrenaline,noradrenaline inhibits insulin secretion / Vasopressin regulates renal water homeostasis via Aquaporins / G alpha (z) signalling events / Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP1) regulates insulin secretion / cellular response to catecholamine stimulus / ADORA2B mediated anti-inflammatory cytokines production / ADP signalling through P2Y purinoceptor 1 / G beta:gamma signalling through PI3Kgamma / Cooperation of PDCL (PhLP1) and TRiC/CCT in G-protein beta folding / adenylate cyclase-activating dopamine receptor signaling pathway / GPER1 signaling / Inactivation, recovery and regulation of the phototransduction cascade / cellular response to prostaglandin E stimulus / G-protein beta-subunit binding / heterotrimeric G-protein complex / G alpha (12/13) signalling events / sensory perception of taste / extracellular vesicle / signaling receptor complex adaptor activity / Thrombin signalling through proteinase activated receptors (PARs) / GTPase binding / retina development in camera-type eye / Ca2+ pathway / High laminar flow shear stress activates signaling by PIEZO1 and PECAM1:CDH5:KDR in endothelial cells / fibroblast proliferation / G alpha (i) signalling events / G alpha (s) signalling events / phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway / G alpha (q) signalling events / Ras protein signal transduction / Extra-nuclear estrogen signaling / cell population proliferation / G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway / lysosomal membrane / GTPase activity / synapse / protein-containing complex binding / signal transduction / extracellular exosome / membrane / plasma membrane / cytosol / cytoplasm
Similarity search - Function
G protein-coupled receptor 4 orphan / G-protein, gamma subunit / G-protein gamma subunit domain profile. / G-protein gamma-like domain / G-protein gamma-like domain superfamily / GGL domain / G protein gamma subunit-like motifs / GGL domain / Guanine nucleotide-binding protein, beta subunit / G-protein, beta subunit ...G protein-coupled receptor 4 orphan / G-protein, gamma subunit / G-protein gamma subunit domain profile. / G-protein gamma-like domain / G-protein gamma-like domain superfamily / GGL domain / G protein gamma subunit-like motifs / GGL domain / Guanine nucleotide-binding protein, beta subunit / G-protein, beta subunit / G-protein coupled receptors family 1 signature. / G protein-coupled receptor, rhodopsin-like / GPCR, rhodopsin-like, 7TM / G-protein coupled receptors family 1 profile. / 7 transmembrane receptor (rhodopsin family) / G-protein beta WD-40 repeat / WD40 repeat, conserved site / Trp-Asp (WD) repeats signature. / WD domain, G-beta repeat / Trp-Asp (WD) repeats profile. / Trp-Asp (WD) repeats circular profile. / WD40 repeats / WD40 repeat / WD40-repeat-containing domain superfamily / WD40/YVTN repeat-like-containing domain superfamily
Similarity search - Domain/homology
G-prodeshotein coupled receptor 4 / Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2 / Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-1
Similarity search - Component
Biological speciesHomo sapiens (human) / Lama glama (llama)
Methodsingle particle reconstruction / cryo EM / Resolution: 2.55 Å
AuthorsXu HE / You C / Jiang Y
Funding support China, 1 items
OrganizationGrant numberCountry
National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) China
CitationJournal: Cell Discov / Year: 2025
Title: Molecular mechanism of pH sensing and activation in GPR4 reveals proton-mediated GPCR signaling.
Authors: Chongzhao You / Shimeng Guo / Tianwei Zhang / Xinheng He / Tianyu Gao / Wenwen Xin / Zining Zhu / Yujie Lu / Youwei Xu / Zhen Li / Yumu Zhang / Xi Cheng / Yi Jiang / Xin Xie / H Eric Xu /
Abstract: Maintaining pH homeostasis is critical for cellular function across all living organisms. Proton-sensing G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), particularly GPR4, play a pivotal role in cellular ...Maintaining pH homeostasis is critical for cellular function across all living organisms. Proton-sensing G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), particularly GPR4, play a pivotal role in cellular responses to pH changes. Yet, the molecular mechanisms underlying their proton sensing and activation remain incompletely understood. Here we present high-resolution cryo-electron microscopy structures of GPR4 in complex with G proteins under physiological and acidic pH conditions. Our structures reveal an intricate proton-sensing mechanism driven by a sophisticated histidine network in the receptor's extracellular domain. Upon protonation of key histidines under acidic conditions, a remarkable conformational cascade is initiated, propagating from the extracellular region to the intracellular G protein-coupling interface. This dynamic process involves precise transmembrane helix rearrangements and conformational shifts of conserved motifs, mediated by strategically positioned water molecules. Notably, we discovered a bound bioactive lipid, lysophosphatidylcholine, which has positive allosteric effects on GPR4 activation. These findings provide a comprehensive framework for understanding proton sensing in GPCRs and the interplay between pH sensing and lipid regulation, offering insights into cellular pH homeostasis and potential therapies for pH-related disorders.
History
DepositionAug 30, 2024-
Header (metadata) releaseJul 9, 2025-
Map releaseJul 9, 2025-
UpdateJul 9, 2025-
Current statusJul 9, 2025Processing site: PDBj / Status: Released

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Structure visualization

Supplemental images

emd_61371.png

Downloads & links

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Map

FileDownload / File: emd_61371.map.gz / Format: CCP4 / Size: 64 MB / Type: IMAGE STORED AS FLOATING POINT NUMBER (4 BYTES)
Projections & slices

Image control

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AxesZ (Sec.)Y (Row.)X (Col.)
0.73 Å/pix.
x 256 pix.
= 186.88 Å		0.73 Å/pix.
x 256 pix.
= 186.88 Å		0.73 Å/pix.
x 256 pix.
= 186.88 Å

Surface

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Images are generated by Spider.

Voxel sizeX=Y=Z: 0.73 Å
Density

Histogram

Histogram (log scale)
Contour LevelBy AUTHOR: 0.176
Minimum - Maximum-0.7895998 - 1.4969206
Average (Standard dev.)0.001652108 (±0.05069012)
SymmetrySpace group: 1
Details

EMDB XML:

Map geometry
Axis orderXYZ
Origin000
Dimensions256256256
Spacing256256256
CellA=B=C: 186.88 Å
α=β=γ: 90.0 °

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Supplemental data

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Half map: #2

Fileemd_61371_half_map_1.map
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Half map: #1

Fileemd_61371_half_map_2.map
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Sample components

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Entire : Cryo-EM structure of the proton-sensing GPCR (GPR4)-Gq protein co...

EntireName: Cryo-EM structure of the proton-sensing GPCR (GPR4)-Gq protein complex at pH 7.4
Components
  • Complex: Cryo-EM structure of the proton-sensing GPCR (GPR4)-Gq protein complex at pH 7.4
    • Protein or peptide: Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha
    • Protein or peptide: Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-1
    • Protein or peptide: Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2
    • Protein or peptide: Nanobody 35
    • Protein or peptide: G-protein coupled receptor 4
  • Ligand: CHOLESTEROL
  • Ligand: 2-[[(2~{R})-3-acetyloxy-2-oxidanyl-propoxy]-oxidanyl-phosphoryl]oxyethyl-trimethyl-azanium
  • Ligand: water

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Supramolecule #1: Cryo-EM structure of the proton-sensing GPCR (GPR4)-Gq protein co...

SupramoleculeName: Cryo-EM structure of the proton-sensing GPCR (GPR4)-Gq protein complex at pH 7.4
type: complex / ID: 1 / Parent: 0 / Macromolecule list: #5, #1-#4
Source (natural)Organism: Homo sapiens (human)

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Macromolecule #1: Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-1

MacromoleculeName: Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-1
type: protein_or_peptide / ID: 1 / Number of copies: 1 / Enantiomer: LEVO
Source (natural)Organism: Homo sapiens (human)
Molecular weightTheoretical: 56.515297 KDa
Recombinant expressionOrganism: Trichoplusia ni (cabbage looper)
SequenceString: MGSLLQSELD QLRQEAEQLK NQIRDARKAC ADATLSQITN NIDPVGRIQM RTRRTLRGHL AKIYAMHWGT DSRLLVSASQ DGKLIIWDS YTTNKVHAIP LRSSWVMTCA YAPSGNYVAC GGLDNICSIY NLKTREGNVR VSRELAGHTG YLSCCRFLDD N QIVTSSGD ...String:
MGSLLQSELD QLRQEAEQLK NQIRDARKAC ADATLSQITN NIDPVGRIQM RTRRTLRGHL AKIYAMHWGT DSRLLVSASQ DGKLIIWDS YTTNKVHAIP LRSSWVMTCA YAPSGNYVAC GGLDNICSIY NLKTREGNVR VSRELAGHTG YLSCCRFLDD N QIVTSSGD TTCALWDIET GQQTTTFTGH TGDVMSLSLA PDTRLFVSGA CDASAKLWDV REGMCRQTFT GHESDINAIC FF PNGNAFA TGSDDATCRL FDLRADQELM TYSHDNIICG ITSVSFSKSG RLLLAGYDDF NCNVWDALKA DRAGVLAGHD NRV SCLGVT DDGMAVATGS WDSFLKIWNG SSGGGGSGGG GSSGVFTLED FVGDWEQTAA YNLDQVLEQG GVSSLLQNLA VSVT PIQRI VRSGENALKI DIHVIIPYEG LSADQMAQIE EVFKVVYPVD DHHFKVILPY GTLVIDGVTP NMLNYFGRPY EGIAV FDGK KITVTGTLWN GNKIIDERLI TPDGSMLFRV TINS

UniProtKB: Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-1

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Macromolecule #2: Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2

MacromoleculeName: Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2
type: protein_or_peptide / ID: 2 / Number of copies: 1 / Enantiomer: LEVO
Source (natural)Organism: Homo sapiens (human)
Molecular weightTheoretical: 7.729947 KDa
Recombinant expressionOrganism: Trichoplusia ni (cabbage looper)
SequenceString:
ASNNTASIAQ ARKLVEQLKM EANIDRIKVS KAAADLMAYC EAHAKEDPLL TPVPASENPF REKKFFCAIL

UniProtKB: Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2

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Macromolecule #3: Nanobody 35

MacromoleculeName: Nanobody 35 / type: protein_or_peptide / ID: 3 / Number of copies: 1 / Enantiomer: LEVO
Source (natural)Organism: Lama glama (llama)
Molecular weightTheoretical: 13.885439 KDa
Recombinant expressionOrganism: Escherichia coli (E. coli)
SequenceString:
QVQLQESGGG LVQPGGSLRL SCAASGFTFS NYKMNWVRQA PGKGLEWVSD ISQSGASISY TGSVKGRFTI SRDNAKNTLY LQMNSLKPE DTAVYYCARC PAPFTRDCFD VTSTTYAYRG QGTQVTVSS

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Macromolecule #4: G-protein coupled receptor 4

MacromoleculeName: G-protein coupled receptor 4 / type: protein_or_peptide / ID: 4 / Number of copies: 1 / Enantiomer: LEVO
Source (natural)Organism: Homo sapiens (human)
Molecular weightTheoretical: 41.026664 KDa
Recombinant expressionOrganism: Trichoplusia ni (cabbage looper)
SequenceString: MGNHTWEGCH VDSRVDHLFP PSLYIFVIGV GLPTNCLALW AAYRQVQQRN ELGVYLMNLS IADLLYICTL PLWVDYFLHH DNWIHGPGS CKLFGFIFYT NIYISIAFLC CISVDRYLAV AHPLRFARLR RVKTAVAVSS VVWATELGAN SAPLFHDELF R DRYNHTFC ...String:
MGNHTWEGCH VDSRVDHLFP PSLYIFVIGV GLPTNCLALW AAYRQVQQRN ELGVYLMNLS IADLLYICTL PLWVDYFLHH DNWIHGPGS CKLFGFIFYT NIYISIAFLC CISVDRYLAV AHPLRFARLR RVKTAVAVSS VVWATELGAN SAPLFHDELF R DRYNHTFC FEKFPMEGWV AWMNLYRVFV GFLFPWALML LSYRGILRAV RGSVSTERQE KAKIKRLALS LIAIVLVCFA PY HVLLLSR SAIYLGRPWD CGFEERVFSA YHSSLAFTSL NCVADPILYC LVNEGARSDV AKALHNLLRF LASDKPQEMA NAS LTLETP LTSKRNSTAK AMTGSWAATP PSQGDQVQLK MLPPAQ

UniProtKB: G-prodeshotein coupled receptor 4

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Macromolecule #5: Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha

MacromoleculeName: Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha / type: protein_or_peptide / ID: 5 / Number of copies: 1 / Enantiomer: LEVO
Source (natural)Organism: Homo sapiens (human)
Molecular weightTheoretical: 41.724383 KDa
Recombinant expressionOrganism: Trichoplusia ni (cabbage looper)
SequenceString: MGCTLSAEDK AAVERSKMIE KQLQKDKQVY RRTLRLLLLG ADNSGKSTIV KQMRIYHVNG YSEEECKQYK AVVYSNTIQS IIAIIRAMG RLKIDFGDSA RADDARQLFV LAGAAEEGFM TAELAGVIKR LWKDSGVQAC FNRSREYQLN DSAAYYLNDL D RIAQPNYI ...String:
MGCTLSAEDK AAVERSKMIE KQLQKDKQVY RRTLRLLLLG ADNSGKSTIV KQMRIYHVNG YSEEECKQYK AVVYSNTIQS IIAIIRAMG RLKIDFGDSA RADDARQLFV LAGAAEEGFM TAELAGVIKR LWKDSGVQAC FNRSREYQLN DSAAYYLNDL D RIAQPNYI PTQQDVLRTR VKTSGIFETK FQVDKVNFHM FDVGAQRDER RKWIQCFNDV TAIIFVVDSS DYNRLQEALN DF KSIWNNR WLRTISVILF LNKQDLLAEK VLAGKSKIED YFPEFARYTT PEDATPEPGE DPRVTRAKYF IRKEFVDIST ASG DGRHIC YPHFTCSVDT ENARRIFNDC KDIILQMNLR EYNLV

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Macromolecule #6: CHOLESTEROL

MacromoleculeName: CHOLESTEROL / type: ligand / ID: 6 / Number of copies: 1 / Formula: CLR
Molecular weightTheoretical: 386.654 Da
Chemical component information

ChemComp-CLR:
CHOLESTEROL

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Macromolecule #7: 2-[[(2~{R})-3-acetyloxy-2-oxidanyl-propoxy]-oxidanyl-phosphoryl]o...

MacromoleculeName: 2-[[(2~{R})-3-acetyloxy-2-oxidanyl-propoxy]-oxidanyl-phosphoryl]oxyethyl-trimethyl-azanium
type: ligand / ID: 7 / Number of copies: 2 / Formula: A1L35
Molecular weightTheoretical: 300.266 Da

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Macromolecule #8: water

MacromoleculeName: water / type: ligand / ID: 8 / Number of copies: 4 / Formula: HOH
Molecular weightTheoretical: 18.015 Da
Chemical component information

ChemComp-HOH:
WATER

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Experimental details

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Structure determination

Methodcryo EM
Processingsingle particle reconstruction
Aggregation stateparticle

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Sample preparation

BufferpH: 7.4
VitrificationCryogen name: ETHANE

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Electron microscopy

MicroscopeFEI TALOS ARCTICA
Image recordingFilm or detector model: FEI FALCON IV (4k x 4k) / Average electron dose: 50.0 e/Å2
Electron beamAcceleration voltage: 300 kV / Electron source: FIELD EMISSION GUN
Electron opticsIllumination mode: FLOOD BEAM / Imaging mode: BRIGHT FIELD / Nominal defocus max: 20.0 µm / Nominal defocus min: 5.0 µm
Experimental equipment
Model: Talos Arctica / Image courtesy: FEI Company

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Image processing

CTF correctionType: PHASE FLIPPING AND AMPLITUDE CORRECTION
Startup modelType of model: OTHER
Final reconstructionResolution.type: BY AUTHOR / Resolution: 2.55 Å / Resolution method: FSC 0.143 CUT-OFF / Number images used: 550055
Initial angle assignmentType: MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD
Final angle assignmentType: MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD

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