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- EMDB-61249: Cryo-EM structure of human HCAR1-Gi complex without ligand (apo state) -

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Entry
Database: EMDB / ID: EMD-61249
TitleCryo-EM structure of human HCAR1-Gi complex without ligand (apo state)
Map dataCryo-EM structure of human HCAR1-Gi complex without ligand (apo state)
Sample
  • Complex: Cryo-EM structure of human HCAR1-Gi complex without ligand (apo state)
    • Protein or peptide: Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-1
    • Protein or peptide: Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-1
    • Protein or peptide: Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2
    • Protein or peptide: scFv16
    • Protein or peptide: Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1
Keywordscomplex / MEMBRANE PROTEIN
Function / homology
Function and homology information


Hydroxycarboxylic acid-binding receptors / negative regulation of lipid catabolic process / adenylate cyclase inhibitor activity / positive regulation of protein localization to cell cortex / Adenylate cyclase inhibitory pathway / T cell migration / D2 dopamine receptor binding / response to prostaglandin E / adenylate cyclase regulator activity / G protein-coupled serotonin receptor binding ...Hydroxycarboxylic acid-binding receptors / negative regulation of lipid catabolic process / adenylate cyclase inhibitor activity / positive regulation of protein localization to cell cortex / Adenylate cyclase inhibitory pathway / T cell migration / D2 dopamine receptor binding / response to prostaglandin E / adenylate cyclase regulator activity / G protein-coupled serotonin receptor binding / adenylate cyclase-inhibiting serotonin receptor signaling pathway / cellular response to forskolin / regulation of mitotic spindle organization / Regulation of insulin secretion / positive regulation of cholesterol biosynthetic process / negative regulation of insulin secretion / G protein-coupled receptor binding / G protein-coupled receptor activity / response to peptide hormone / adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway / adenylate cyclase-modulating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway / G-protein beta/gamma-subunit complex binding / centriolar satellite / Olfactory Signaling Pathway / Activation of the phototransduction cascade / G beta:gamma signalling through PLC beta / Presynaptic function of Kainate receptors / Thromboxane signalling through TP receptor / G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway / Activation of G protein gated Potassium channels / Inhibition of voltage gated Ca2+ channels via Gbeta/gamma subunits / G-protein activation / Prostacyclin signalling through prostacyclin receptor / G beta:gamma signalling through CDC42 / Glucagon signaling in metabolic regulation / G beta:gamma signalling through BTK / Synthesis, secretion, and inactivation of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) / ADP signalling through P2Y purinoceptor 12 / photoreceptor disc membrane / Sensory perception of sweet, bitter, and umami (glutamate) taste / Glucagon-type ligand receptors / Adrenaline,noradrenaline inhibits insulin secretion / Vasopressin regulates renal water homeostasis via Aquaporins / GDP binding / Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP1) regulates insulin secretion / G alpha (z) signalling events / cellular response to catecholamine stimulus / ADP signalling through P2Y purinoceptor 1 / ADORA2B mediated anti-inflammatory cytokines production / G beta:gamma signalling through PI3Kgamma / adenylate cyclase-activating dopamine receptor signaling pathway / Cooperation of PDCL (PhLP1) and TRiC/CCT in G-protein beta folding / GPER1 signaling / Inactivation, recovery and regulation of the phototransduction cascade / cellular response to prostaglandin E stimulus / G-protein beta-subunit binding / heterotrimeric G-protein complex / G alpha (12/13) signalling events / sensory perception of taste / extracellular vesicle / signaling receptor complex adaptor activity / Thrombin signalling through proteinase activated receptors (PARs) / retina development in camera-type eye / G protein activity / GTPase binding / Ca2+ pathway / fibroblast proliferation / midbody / High laminar flow shear stress activates signaling by PIEZO1 and PECAM1:CDH5:KDR in endothelial cells / cell cortex / G alpha (i) signalling events / G alpha (s) signalling events / phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway / G alpha (q) signalling events / Hydrolases; Acting on acid anhydrides; Acting on GTP to facilitate cellular and subcellular movement / Ras protein signal transduction / Extra-nuclear estrogen signaling / cell population proliferation / ciliary basal body / G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway / lysosomal membrane / cell division / GTPase activity / synapse / centrosome / GTP binding / protein-containing complex binding / nucleolus / magnesium ion binding / Golgi apparatus / signal transduction / extracellular exosome / nucleoplasm / membrane / plasma membrane / cytoplasm / cytosol
Similarity search - Function
: / G-protein alpha subunit, group I / Guanine nucleotide binding protein (G-protein), alpha subunit / G protein alpha subunit, helical insertion / G-protein alpha subunit / G-alpha domain profile. / G protein alpha subunit / G-protein, gamma subunit / G-protein gamma subunit domain profile. / G-protein gamma-like domain ...: / G-protein alpha subunit, group I / Guanine nucleotide binding protein (G-protein), alpha subunit / G protein alpha subunit, helical insertion / G-protein alpha subunit / G-alpha domain profile. / G protein alpha subunit / G-protein, gamma subunit / G-protein gamma subunit domain profile. / G-protein gamma-like domain / G-protein gamma-like domain superfamily / GGL domain / G protein gamma subunit-like motifs / GGL domain / G protein beta WD-40 repeat protein / Guanine nucleotide-binding protein, beta subunit / G-protein, beta subunit / G-protein coupled receptors family 1 signature. / G protein-coupled receptor, rhodopsin-like / GPCR, rhodopsin-like, 7TM / G-protein coupled receptors family 1 profile. / 7 transmembrane receptor (rhodopsin family) / G-protein beta WD-40 repeat / WD40 repeat, conserved site / Trp-Asp (WD) repeats signature. / Trp-Asp (WD) repeats profile. / Trp-Asp (WD) repeats circular profile. / WD40 repeats / WD40 repeat / WD40-repeat-containing domain superfamily / WD40/YVTN repeat-like-containing domain superfamily / P-loop containing nucleoside triphosphate hydrolase
Similarity search - Domain/homology
Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2 / Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-1 / Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-1 / Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1
Similarity search - Component
Biological speciesHomo sapiens (human)
Methodsingle particle reconstruction / cryo EM / Resolution: 3.36 Å
AuthorsXin P / Fang Y
Funding support China, 1 items
OrganizationGrant numberCountry
National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) China
CitationJournal: PLoS Biol / Year: 2025
Title: Structures of G-protein coupled receptor HCAR1 in complex with Gi1 protein reveal the mechanistic basis for ligand recognition and agonist selectivity.
Authors: Xin Pan / Fang Ye / Peiruo Ning / Yiping Yu / Zhiyi Zhang / Jingxuan Wang / Geng Chen / Zhangsong Wu / Chen Qiu / Jiancheng Li / Bangning Chen / Lizhe Zhu / Chungen Qian / Kaizheng Gong / Yang Du /
Abstract: Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1 (HCAR1), also known as lactate receptor or GPR81, is a class A G-protein-coupled receptor with key roles in regulating lipid metabolism, neuroprotection, ...Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1 (HCAR1), also known as lactate receptor or GPR81, is a class A G-protein-coupled receptor with key roles in regulating lipid metabolism, neuroprotection, angiogenesis, cardiovascular function, and inflammatory response in humans. HCAR1 is highly expressed in numerous types of cancer cells, where it participates in controlling cancer cell metabolism and defense mechanisms, rendering it an appealing target for cancer therapy. However, the molecular basis of HCAR1-mediated signaling remains poorly understood. Here, we report four cryo-EM structures of human HCAR1 and HCAR2 in complex with the Gi1 protein, in which HCAR1 binds to the subtype-specific agonist CHBA (3.16 Å) and apo form (3.36 Å), and HCAR2 binds to the subtype-specific agonists MK-1903 (2.68 Å) and SCH900271 (3.06 Å). Combined with mutagenesis and cellular functional assays, we elucidate the mechanisms underlying ligand recognition, receptor activation, and G protein coupling of HCAR1. More importantly, the key residues that determine ligand selectivity between HCAR1 and HCAR2 are clarified. On this basis, we further summarize the structural features of agonists that match the orthosteric pockets of HCAR1 and HCAR2. These structural insights are anticipated to greatly accelerate the development of novel HCAR1-targeted drugs, offering a promising avenue for the treatment of various diseases.
History
DepositionAug 21, 2024-
Header (metadata) releaseApr 2, 2025-
Map releaseApr 2, 2025-
UpdateOct 22, 2025-
Current statusOct 22, 2025Processing site: PDBc / Status: Released

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Structure visualization

Supplemental images

emd_61249.png

Downloads & links

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Map

FileDownload / File: emd_61249.map.gz / Format: CCP4 / Size: 125 MB / Type: IMAGE STORED AS FLOATING POINT NUMBER (4 BYTES)
AnnotationCryo-EM structure of human HCAR1-Gi complex without ligand (apo state)
Projections & slices

Image control

Size
Brightness
Contrast
Others
AxesZ (Sec.)Y (Row.)X (Col.)
0.83 Å/pix.
x 320 pix.
= 265.6 Å		0.83 Å/pix.
x 320 pix.
= 265.6 Å		0.83 Å/pix.
x 320 pix.
= 265.6 Å

Surface

Projections

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Images are generated by Spider.

Voxel sizeX=Y=Z: 0.83 Å
Density

Histogram

Histogram (log scale)
Contour LevelBy AUTHOR: 0.082
Minimum - Maximum-0.27785534 - 0.5330586
Average (Standard dev.)0.00036877056 (±0.013083266)
SymmetrySpace group: 1
Details

EMDB XML:

Map geometry
Axis orderXYZ
Origin000
Dimensions320320320
Spacing320320320
CellA=B=C: 265.6 Å
α=β=γ: 90.0 °

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Supplemental data

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Half map: #2

Fileemd_61249_half_map_1.map
Projections & Slices
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Density Histograms

Histogram

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Half map: #1

Fileemd_61249_half_map_2.map
Projections & Slices
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Histogram (log scale)

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Sample components

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Entire : Cryo-EM structure of human HCAR1-Gi complex without ligand (apo state)

EntireName: Cryo-EM structure of human HCAR1-Gi complex without ligand (apo state)
Components
  • Complex: Cryo-EM structure of human HCAR1-Gi complex without ligand (apo state)
    • Protein or peptide: Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-1
    • Protein or peptide: Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-1
    • Protein or peptide: Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2
    • Protein or peptide: scFv16
    • Protein or peptide: Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1

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Supramolecule #1: Cryo-EM structure of human HCAR1-Gi complex without ligand (apo state)

SupramoleculeName: Cryo-EM structure of human HCAR1-Gi complex without ligand (apo state)
type: complex / ID: 1 / Parent: 0 / Macromolecule list: all
Source (natural)Organism: Homo sapiens (human)

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Macromolecule #1: Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-1

MacromoleculeName: Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-1
type: protein_or_peptide / ID: 1 / Number of copies: 1 / Enantiomer: LEVO
Source (natural)Organism: Homo sapiens (human)
Molecular weightTheoretical: 37.069543 KDa
Recombinant expressionOrganism: Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm)
SequenceString: LDQLRQEAEQ LKNQIRDARK ACADATLSQI TNNIDPVGRI QMRTRRTLRG HLAKIYAMHW GTDSRLLVSA SQDGKLIIWD SYTTNKVHA IPLRSSWVMT CAYAPSGNYV ACGGLDNICS IYNLKTREGN VRVSRELAGH TGYLSCCRFL DDNQIVTSSG D TTCALWDI ...String:
LDQLRQEAEQ LKNQIRDARK ACADATLSQI TNNIDPVGRI QMRTRRTLRG HLAKIYAMHW GTDSRLLVSA SQDGKLIIWD SYTTNKVHA IPLRSSWVMT CAYAPSGNYV ACGGLDNICS IYNLKTREGN VRVSRELAGH TGYLSCCRFL DDNQIVTSSG D TTCALWDI ETGQQTTTFT GHTGDVMSLS LAPDTRLFVS GACDASAKLW DVREGMCRQT FTGHESDINA ICFFPNGNAF AT GSDDATC RLFDLRADQE LMTYSHDNII CGITSVSFSK SGRLLLAGYD DFNCNVWDAL KADRAGVLAG HDNRVSCLGV TDD GMAVAT GSWDSFLKIW N

UniProtKB: Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-1

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Macromolecule #2: Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-1

MacromoleculeName: Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-1
type: protein_or_peptide / ID: 2 / Number of copies: 1 / Enantiomer: LEVO
Source (natural)Organism: Homo sapiens (human)
Molecular weightTheoretical: 40.153672 KDa
Recombinant expressionOrganism: Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm)
SequenceString: TLSAEDKAAV ERSKMIDRNL REDGEKAARE VKLLLLGAGE SGKSTIVKQM KIIHEAGYSE EECKQYKAVV YSNTIQSIIA IIRAMGRLK IDFGDSARAD DARQLFVLAG AAEEGFMTAE LAGVIKRLWK DSGVQACFNR SREYQLNDSA AYYLNDLDRI A QPNYIPTQ ...String:
TLSAEDKAAV ERSKMIDRNL REDGEKAARE VKLLLLGAGE SGKSTIVKQM KIIHEAGYSE EECKQYKAVV YSNTIQSIIA IIRAMGRLK IDFGDSARAD DARQLFVLAG AAEEGFMTAE LAGVIKRLWK DSGVQACFNR SREYQLNDSA AYYLNDLDRI A QPNYIPTQ QDVLRTRVKT TGIVETHFTF KDLHFKMFDV GAQRSERKKW IHCFEGVTAI IFCVALSDYD LVLAEDEEMN RM HESMKLF DSICNNKWFT DTSIILFLNK KDLFEEKIKK SPLTICYPEY AGSNTYEEAA AYIQCQFEDL NKRKDTKEIY THF TCSTDT KNVQFVFDAV TDVIIKNNLK DCGLF

UniProtKB: Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-1

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Macromolecule #3: Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2

MacromoleculeName: Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2
type: protein_or_peptide / ID: 3 / Number of copies: 1 / Enantiomer: LEVO
Source (natural)Organism: Homo sapiens (human)
Molecular weightTheoretical: 6.218162 KDa
Recombinant expressionOrganism: Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm)
SequenceString:
SIAQARKLVE QLKMEANIDR IKVSKAAADL MAYCEAHAKE DPLLTPVPAS ENPFRE

UniProtKB: Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2

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Macromolecule #4: scFv16

MacromoleculeName: scFv16 / type: protein_or_peptide / ID: 4 / Number of copies: 1 / Enantiomer: LEVO
Source (natural)Organism: Homo sapiens (human)
Molecular weightTheoretical: 26.424385 KDa
Recombinant expressionOrganism: Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm)
SequenceString: DVQLVESGGG LVQPGGSRKL SCSASGFAFS SFGMHWVRQA PEKGLEWVAY ISSGSGTIYY ADTVKGRFTI SRDDPKNTLF LQMTSLRSE DTAMYYCVRS IYYYGSSPFD FWGQGTTLTV SSGGGGSGGG GSGGGGSSDI VMTQATSSVP VTPGESVSIS C RSSKSLLH ...String:
DVQLVESGGG LVQPGGSRKL SCSASGFAFS SFGMHWVRQA PEKGLEWVAY ISSGSGTIYY ADTVKGRFTI SRDDPKNTLF LQMTSLRSE DTAMYYCVRS IYYYGSSPFD FWGQGTTLTV SSGGGGSGGG GSGGGGSSDI VMTQATSSVP VTPGESVSIS C RSSKSLLH SNGNTYLYWF LQRPGQSPQL LIYRMSNLAS GVPDRFSGSG SGTAFTLTIS RLEAEDVGVY YCMQHLEYPL TF GAGTKLE L

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Macromolecule #5: Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1

MacromoleculeName: Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1 / type: protein_or_peptide / ID: 5 / Number of copies: 1 / Enantiomer: LEVO
Source (natural)Organism: Homo sapiens (human)
Molecular weightTheoretical: 31.596498 KDa
Recombinant expressionOrganism: Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm)
SequenceString: CCRIEGDTIS QVMPPLLIVA FVLGALGNGV ALCGFCFHMK TWKPSTVYLF NLAVADFLLM ICLPFRTDYY LRRRHWAFGD IPCRVGLFT LAMNRAGSIV FLTVVAADRY FKVVHPHHAV NTISTRVAAG IVCTLWALVI LGTVYLLLEN HLCVQETAVS C ESFIMESA ...String:
CCRIEGDTIS QVMPPLLIVA FVLGALGNGV ALCGFCFHMK TWKPSTVYLF NLAVADFLLM ICLPFRTDYY LRRRHWAFGD IPCRVGLFT LAMNRAGSIV FLTVVAADRY FKVVHPHHAV NTISTRVAAG IVCTLWALVI LGTVYLLLEN HLCVQETAVS C ESFIMESA NGWHDIMFQL EFFMPLGIIL FCSFKIVWSL RRRQQLARQA RMKKATRFIM VVAIVFITCY LPSVSARLYF LW TVPSSAC DPSVHGALHI TLSFTYMNSM LDPLVYYFSS PS

UniProtKB: Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1

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Experimental details

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Structure determination

Methodcryo EM
Processingsingle particle reconstruction
Aggregation stateparticle

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Sample preparation

BufferpH: 7.2
VitrificationCryogen name: NITROGEN

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Electron microscopy

MicroscopeTFS KRIOS
Image recordingFilm or detector model: GATAN K3 BIOQUANTUM (6k x 4k) / Average electron dose: 56.0 e/Å2
Electron beamAcceleration voltage: 300 kV / Electron source: FIELD EMISSION GUN
Electron opticsIllumination mode: SPOT SCAN / Imaging mode: BRIGHT FIELD / Nominal defocus max: 1.4000000000000001 µm / Nominal defocus min: 1.0 µm
Experimental equipment
Model: Titan Krios / Image courtesy: FEI Company

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Image processing

CTF correctionType: PHASE FLIPPING AND AMPLITUDE CORRECTION
Startup modelType of model: NONE
Final reconstructionResolution.type: BY AUTHOR / Resolution: 3.36 Å / Resolution method: FSC 0.143 CUT-OFF / Number images used: 208323
Initial angle assignmentType: NOT APPLICABLE
Final angle assignmentType: NOT APPLICABLE

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