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- EMDB-36011: Cryo-EM structure of the 3-HB and compound 9n-bound human HCAR2-G... -

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Entry
Database: EMDB / ID: EMD-36011
TitleCryo-EM structure of the 3-HB and compound 9n-bound human HCAR2-Gi1 complex
Map data
Sample
  • Complex: Cryo-EM structure of the 3-HB, and compound 9n-bound human HCAR2-Gi1 complex
    • Protein or peptide: Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-1
    • Protein or peptide: Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-1
    • Protein or peptide: Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2
    • Protein or peptide: single Fab chain (scFv16)
    • Protein or peptide: Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2
  • Ligand: 7-methyl-N-[(2R)-1-phenoxypropan-2-yl]-3-(4-propan-2-ylphenyl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-6-carboxamide
  • Ligand: CHOLESTEROL
  • Ligand: (3R)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid
  • Ligand: 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose
  • Ligand: water
Keywordshydroxycarboxylic acid receptor / 3-HB / Class A GPCR / MEMBRANE PROTEIN
Function / homology
Function and homology information


nicotinic acid receptor activity / neutrophil apoptotic process / Hydroxycarboxylic acid-binding receptors / positive regulation of neutrophil apoptotic process / Class A/1 (Rhodopsin-like receptors) / positive regulation of adiponectin secretion / negative regulation of lipid catabolic process / adenylate cyclase inhibitor activity / positive regulation of protein localization to cell cortex / Adenylate cyclase inhibitory pathway ...nicotinic acid receptor activity / neutrophil apoptotic process / Hydroxycarboxylic acid-binding receptors / positive regulation of neutrophil apoptotic process / Class A/1 (Rhodopsin-like receptors) / positive regulation of adiponectin secretion / negative regulation of lipid catabolic process / adenylate cyclase inhibitor activity / positive regulation of protein localization to cell cortex / Adenylate cyclase inhibitory pathway / T cell migration / D2 dopamine receptor binding / response to prostaglandin E / adenylate cyclase regulator activity / G protein-coupled serotonin receptor binding / adenylate cyclase-inhibiting serotonin receptor signaling pathway / cellular response to forskolin / regulation of mitotic spindle organization / Regulation of insulin secretion / positive regulation of cholesterol biosynthetic process / negative regulation of insulin secretion / G protein-coupled receptor binding / response to peptide hormone / adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway / adenylate cyclase-modulating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway / G-protein beta/gamma-subunit complex binding / centriolar satellite / Olfactory Signaling Pathway / Activation of the phototransduction cascade / G beta:gamma signalling through PLC beta / Presynaptic function of Kainate receptors / Thromboxane signalling through TP receptor / G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway / Activation of G protein gated Potassium channels / Inhibition of voltage gated Ca2+ channels via Gbeta/gamma subunits / G-protein activation / Prostacyclin signalling through prostacyclin receptor / G beta:gamma signalling through CDC42 / Glucagon signaling in metabolic regulation / G beta:gamma signalling through BTK / Synthesis, secretion, and inactivation of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) / ADP signalling through P2Y purinoceptor 12 / photoreceptor disc membrane / Sensory perception of sweet, bitter, and umami (glutamate) taste / Glucagon-type ligand receptors / Adrenaline,noradrenaline inhibits insulin secretion / Vasopressin regulates renal water homeostasis via Aquaporins / GDP binding / Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP1) regulates insulin secretion / G alpha (z) signalling events / cellular response to catecholamine stimulus / ADP signalling through P2Y purinoceptor 1 / ADORA2B mediated anti-inflammatory cytokines production / cell junction / G beta:gamma signalling through PI3Kgamma / adenylate cyclase-activating dopamine receptor signaling pathway / Cooperation of PDCL (PhLP1) and TRiC/CCT in G-protein beta folding / GPER1 signaling / Inactivation, recovery and regulation of the phototransduction cascade / cellular response to prostaglandin E stimulus / G-protein beta-subunit binding / heterotrimeric G-protein complex / G alpha (12/13) signalling events / sensory perception of taste / extracellular vesicle / signaling receptor complex adaptor activity / Thrombin signalling through proteinase activated receptors (PARs) / retina development in camera-type eye / G protein activity / GTPase binding / Ca2+ pathway / fibroblast proliferation / midbody / High laminar flow shear stress activates signaling by PIEZO1 and PECAM1:CDH5:KDR in endothelial cells / cell cortex / G alpha (i) signalling events / G alpha (s) signalling events / phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway / G alpha (q) signalling events / Hydrolases; Acting on acid anhydrides; Acting on GTP to facilitate cellular and subcellular movement / Ras protein signal transduction / Extra-nuclear estrogen signaling / cell population proliferation / ciliary basal body / G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway / lysosomal membrane / cell division / GTPase activity / synapse / centrosome / GTP binding / protein-containing complex binding / nucleolus / magnesium ion binding / Golgi apparatus / signal transduction / extracellular exosome / nucleoplasm / membrane / plasma membrane
Similarity search - Function
: / G-protein alpha subunit, group I / Guanine nucleotide binding protein (G-protein), alpha subunit / G protein alpha subunit, helical insertion / G-protein alpha subunit / G-alpha domain profile. / G protein alpha subunit / G-protein, gamma subunit / G-protein gamma subunit domain profile. / G-protein gamma-like domain ...: / G-protein alpha subunit, group I / Guanine nucleotide binding protein (G-protein), alpha subunit / G protein alpha subunit, helical insertion / G-protein alpha subunit / G-alpha domain profile. / G protein alpha subunit / G-protein, gamma subunit / G-protein gamma subunit domain profile. / G-protein gamma-like domain / G-protein gamma-like domain superfamily / GGL domain / G protein gamma subunit-like motifs / GGL domain / G protein beta WD-40 repeat protein / Guanine nucleotide-binding protein, beta subunit / G-protein, beta subunit / G-protein coupled receptors family 1 signature. / G protein-coupled receptor, rhodopsin-like / GPCR, rhodopsin-like, 7TM / G-protein coupled receptors family 1 profile. / 7 transmembrane receptor (rhodopsin family) / G-protein beta WD-40 repeat / WD40 repeat, conserved site / Trp-Asp (WD) repeats signature. / Trp-Asp (WD) repeats profile. / Trp-Asp (WD) repeats circular profile. / WD40 repeats / WD40 repeat / WD40-repeat-containing domain superfamily / WD40/YVTN repeat-like-containing domain superfamily / P-loop containing nucleoside triphosphate hydrolase
Similarity search - Domain/homology
Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2 / Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-1 / Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-1 / Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2
Similarity search - Component
Biological speciesHomo sapiens (human) / synthetic construct (others)
Methodsingle particle reconstruction / cryo EM / Resolution: 2.6 Å
AuthorsMao C / Gao M / Zang S / Zhu Y / Ma X / Zhang Y
Funding support1 items
OrganizationGrant numberCountry
Not funded
CitationJournal: Nat Commun / Year: 2023
Title: Orthosteric and allosteric modulation of human HCAR2 signaling complex.
Authors: Chunyou Mao / Mengru Gao / Shao-Kun Zang / Yanqing Zhu / Dan-Dan Shen / Li-Nan Chen / Liu Yang / Zhiwei Wang / Huibing Zhang / Wei-Wei Wang / Qingya Shen / Yanhui Lu / Xin Ma / Yan Zhang /
Abstract: Hydroxycarboxylic acids are crucial metabolic intermediates involved in various physiological and pathological processes, some of which are recognized by specific hydroxycarboxylic acid receptors ...Hydroxycarboxylic acids are crucial metabolic intermediates involved in various physiological and pathological processes, some of which are recognized by specific hydroxycarboxylic acid receptors (HCARs). HCAR2 is one such receptor, activated by endogenous β-hydroxybutyrate (3-HB) and butyrate, and is the target for Niacin. Interest in HCAR2 has been driven by its potential as a therapeutic target in cardiovascular and neuroinflammatory diseases. However, the limited understanding of how ligands bind to this receptor has hindered the development of alternative drugs able to avoid the common flushing side-effects associated with Niacin therapy. Here, we present three high-resolution structures of HCAR2-Gi1 complexes bound to four different ligands, one potent synthetic agonist (MK-6892) bound alone, and the two structures bound to the allosteric agonist compound 9n in conjunction with either the endogenous ligand 3-HB or niacin. These structures coupled with our functional and computational analyses further our understanding of ligand recognition, allosteric modulation, and activation of HCAR2 and pave the way for the development of high-efficiency drugs with reduced side-effects.
History
DepositionApr 26, 2023-
Header (metadata) releaseDec 6, 2023-
Map releaseDec 6, 2023-
UpdateJul 16, 2025-
Current statusJul 16, 2025Processing site: PDBc / Status: Released

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Structure visualization

Supplemental images

emd_36011.png

Downloads & links

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Map

FileDownload / File: emd_36011.map.gz / Format: CCP4 / Size: 42.9 MB / Type: IMAGE STORED AS FLOATING POINT NUMBER (4 BYTES)
Projections & slices

Image control

Size
Brightness
Contrast
Others
AxesZ (Sec.)Y (Row.)X (Col.)
0.93 Å/pix.
x 224 pix.
= 208.32 Å		0.93 Å/pix.
x 224 pix.
= 208.32 Å		0.93 Å/pix.
x 224 pix.
= 208.32 Å

Surface

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Images are generated by Spider.

Voxel sizeX=Y=Z: 0.93 Å
Density

Histogram

Histogram (log scale)
Contour LevelBy AUTHOR: 0.03
Minimum - Maximum-0.19989234 - 0.3109081
Average (Standard dev.)-0.00005438483 (±0.0069704396)
SymmetrySpace group: 1
Details

EMDB XML:

Map geometry
Axis orderXYZ
Origin000
Dimensions224224224
Spacing224224224
CellA=B=C: 208.32 Å
α=β=γ: 90.0 °

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Supplemental data

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Half map: #1

Fileemd_36011_half_map_1.map
Projections & Slices
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Density Histograms

Histogram

Histogram (log scale)

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Half map: #2

Fileemd_36011_half_map_2.map
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Sample components

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Entire : Cryo-EM structure of the 3-HB, and compound 9n-bound human HCAR2-...

EntireName: Cryo-EM structure of the 3-HB, and compound 9n-bound human HCAR2-Gi1 complex
Components
  • Complex: Cryo-EM structure of the 3-HB, and compound 9n-bound human HCAR2-Gi1 complex
    • Protein or peptide: Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-1
    • Protein or peptide: Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-1
    • Protein or peptide: Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2
    • Protein or peptide: single Fab chain (scFv16)
    • Protein or peptide: Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2
  • Ligand: 7-methyl-N-[(2R)-1-phenoxypropan-2-yl]-3-(4-propan-2-ylphenyl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-6-carboxamide
  • Ligand: CHOLESTEROL
  • Ligand: (3R)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid
  • Ligand: 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose
  • Ligand: water

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Supramolecule #1: Cryo-EM structure of the 3-HB, and compound 9n-bound human HCAR2-...

SupramoleculeName: Cryo-EM structure of the 3-HB, and compound 9n-bound human HCAR2-Gi1 complex
type: complex / ID: 1 / Parent: 0 / Macromolecule list: #1-#5
Source (natural)Organism: Homo sapiens (human)

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Macromolecule #1: Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-1

MacromoleculeName: Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-1
type: protein_or_peptide / ID: 1 / Number of copies: 1 / Enantiomer: LEVO
Source (natural)Organism: Homo sapiens (human)
Molecular weightTheoretical: 40.225801 KDa
Recombinant expressionOrganism: Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm)
SequenceString: CTLSAEDKAA VERSKMIDRN LREDGEKAAR EVKLLLLGAG ESGKNTIVKQ MKIIHEAGYS EEECKQYKAV VYSNTIQSII AIIRAMGRL KIDFGDSARA DDARQLFVLA GAAEEGFMTA ELAGVIKRLW KDSGVQACFN RSREYQLNDS AAYYLNDLDR I AQPNYIPT ...String:
CTLSAEDKAA VERSKMIDRN LREDGEKAAR EVKLLLLGAG ESGKNTIVKQ MKIIHEAGYS EEECKQYKAV VYSNTIQSII AIIRAMGRL KIDFGDSARA DDARQLFVLA GAAEEGFMTA ELAGVIKRLW KDSGVQACFN RSREYQLNDS AAYYLNDLDR I AQPNYIPT QQDVLRTRVK TTGIVETHFT FKDLHFKMFD VGAQRSERKK WIHCFEGVTA IIFCVALSDY DLVLAEDEEM NR MHASMKL FDSICNNKWF TDTSIILFLN KKDLFEEKIK KSPLTICYPE YAGSNTYEEA AAYIQCQFED LNKRKDTKEI YTH FTCSTD TKNVQFVFDA VTDVIIKNNL KDCGLF

UniProtKB: Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-1

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Macromolecule #2: Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-1

MacromoleculeName: Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-1
type: protein_or_peptide / ID: 2 / Number of copies: 1 / Enantiomer: LEVO
Source (natural)Organism: Homo sapiens (human)
Molecular weightTheoretical: 37.285734 KDa
Recombinant expressionOrganism: Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm)
SequenceString: SELDQLRQEA EQLKNQIRDA RKACADATLS QITNNIDPVG RIQMRTRRTL RGHLAKIYAM HWGTDSRLLV SASQDGKLII WDSYTTNKV HAIPLRSSWV MTCAYAPSGN YVACGGLDNI CSIYNLKTRE GNVRVSRELA GHTGYLSCCR FLDDNQIVTS S GDTTCALW ...String:
SELDQLRQEA EQLKNQIRDA RKACADATLS QITNNIDPVG RIQMRTRRTL RGHLAKIYAM HWGTDSRLLV SASQDGKLII WDSYTTNKV HAIPLRSSWV MTCAYAPSGN YVACGGLDNI CSIYNLKTRE GNVRVSRELA GHTGYLSCCR FLDDNQIVTS S GDTTCALW DIETGQQTTT FTGHTGDVMS LSLAPDTRLF VSGACDASAK LWDVREGMCR QTFTGHESDI NAICFFPNGN AF ATGSDDA TCRLFDLRAD QELMTYSHDN IICGITSVSF SKSGRLLLAG YDDFNCNVWD ALKADRAGVL AGHDNRVSCL GVT DDGMAV ATGSWDSFLK IWN

UniProtKB: Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-1

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Macromolecule #3: Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2

MacromoleculeName: Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2
type: protein_or_peptide / ID: 3 / Number of copies: 1 / Enantiomer: LEVO
Source (natural)Organism: Homo sapiens (human)
Molecular weightTheoretical: 6.375332 KDa
Recombinant expressionOrganism: Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm)
SequenceString:
NTASIAQARK LVEQLKMEAN IDRIKVSKAA ADLMAYCEAH AKEDPLLTPV PASENPFR

UniProtKB: Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2

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Macromolecule #4: single Fab chain (scFv16)

MacromoleculeName: single Fab chain (scFv16) / type: protein_or_peptide / ID: 4 / Number of copies: 1 / Enantiomer: LEVO
Source (natural)Organism: synthetic construct (others)
Molecular weightTheoretical: 26.610615 KDa
Recombinant expressionOrganism: Trichoplusia ni (cabbage looper)
SequenceString: DVQLVESGGG LVQPGGSRKL SCSASGFAFS SFGMHWVRQA PEKGLEWVAY ISSGSGTIYY ADTVKGRFTI SRDDPKNTLF LQMTSLRSE DTAMYYCVRS IYYYGSSPFD FWGQGTTLTV SSGGGGSGGG GSGGGGSDIV MTQATSSVPV TPGESVSISC R SSKSLLHS ...String:
DVQLVESGGG LVQPGGSRKL SCSASGFAFS SFGMHWVRQA PEKGLEWVAY ISSGSGTIYY ADTVKGRFTI SRDDPKNTLF LQMTSLRSE DTAMYYCVRS IYYYGSSPFD FWGQGTTLTV SSGGGGSGGG GSGGGGSDIV MTQATSSVPV TPGESVSISC R SSKSLLHS NGNTYLYWFL QRPGQSPQLL IYRMSNLASG VPDRFSGSGS GTAFTLTISR LEAEDVGVYY CMQHLEYPLT FG AGTKLEL KGS

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Macromolecule #5: Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2

MacromoleculeName: Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 / type: protein_or_peptide / ID: 5 / Number of copies: 1 / Enantiomer: LEVO
Source (natural)Organism: Homo sapiens (human)
Molecular weightTheoretical: 34.366074 KDa
Recombinant expressionOrganism: Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm)
SequenceString: DHFLEIDKKN CCVFRDDFIV KVLPPVLGLE FIFGLLGNGL ALWIFCFHLK SWKSSRIFLF NLAVADFLLI ICLPFLMDNY VRRWDWKFG DIPCRLMLFM LAMNRQGSII FLTVVAVDRY FRVVHPHHAL NKISNRTAAI ISCLLWGITI GLTVHLLKKK M PIQNGGAN ...String:
DHFLEIDKKN CCVFRDDFIV KVLPPVLGLE FIFGLLGNGL ALWIFCFHLK SWKSSRIFLF NLAVADFLLI ICLPFLMDNY VRRWDWKFG DIPCRLMLFM LAMNRQGSII FLTVVAVDRY FRVVHPHHAL NKISNRTAAI ISCLLWGITI GLTVHLLKKK M PIQNGGAN LCSSFSICHT FQWHEAMFLL EFFLPLGIIL FCSARIIWSL RQRQMDRHAK IKRAITFIMV VAIVFVICFL PS VVVRIRI FWLLHTSGTQ NCEVYRSVDL AFFITLSFTY MNSMLDPVVY YFSSPSFN

UniProtKB: Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2

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Macromolecule #6: 7-methyl-N-[(2R)-1-phenoxypropan-2-yl]-3-(4-propan-2-ylphenyl)pyr...

MacromoleculeName: 7-methyl-N-[(2R)-1-phenoxypropan-2-yl]-3-(4-propan-2-ylphenyl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-6-carboxamide
type: ligand / ID: 6 / Number of copies: 1 / Formula: IX8
Molecular weightTheoretical: 428.526 Da
Chemical component information

ChemComp-IX8:
7-methyl-N-[(2R)-1-phenoxypropan-2-yl]-3-(4-propan-2-ylphenyl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-6-carboxamide

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Macromolecule #7: CHOLESTEROL

MacromoleculeName: CHOLESTEROL / type: ligand / ID: 7 / Number of copies: 2 / Formula: CLR
Molecular weightTheoretical: 386.654 Da
Chemical component information

ChemComp-CLR:
CHOLESTEROL

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Macromolecule #8: (3R)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

MacromoleculeName: (3R)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid / type: ligand / ID: 8 / Number of copies: 1 / Formula: 3HR
Molecular weightTheoretical: 104.105 Da
Chemical component information

ChemComp-3HR:
(3R)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

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Macromolecule #9: 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose

MacromoleculeName: 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose / type: ligand / ID: 9 / Number of copies: 1 / Formula: NAG
Molecular weightTheoretical: 221.208 Da
Chemical component information

ChemComp-NAG:
2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose

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Macromolecule #10: water

MacromoleculeName: water / type: ligand / ID: 10 / Number of copies: 1 / Formula: HOH
Molecular weightTheoretical: 18.015 Da
Chemical component information

ChemComp-HOH:
WATER

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Experimental details

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Structure determination

Methodcryo EM
Processingsingle particle reconstruction
Aggregation stateparticle

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Sample preparation

Concentration15 mg/mL
BufferpH: 7.5
VitrificationCryogen name: ETHANE

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Electron microscopy

MicroscopeFEI TITAN KRIOS
Image recordingFilm or detector model: FEI FALCON IV (4k x 4k) / Average electron dose: 52.0 e/Å2
Electron beamAcceleration voltage: 300 kV / Electron source: FIELD EMISSION GUN
Electron opticsIllumination mode: FLOOD BEAM / Imaging mode: BRIGHT FIELD / Cs: 2.7 mm / Nominal defocus max: 2.0 µm / Nominal defocus min: 1.0 µm
Sample stageSpecimen holder model: FEI TITAN KRIOS AUTOGRID HOLDER / Cooling holder cryogen: NITROGEN
Experimental equipment
Model: Titan Krios / Image courtesy: FEI Company

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Image processing

CTF correctionType: PHASE FLIPPING AND AMPLITUDE CORRECTION
Startup modelType of model: NONE
Final reconstructionResolution.type: BY AUTHOR / Resolution: 2.6 Å / Resolution method: FSC 0.143 CUT-OFF / Number images used: 157251
Initial angle assignmentType: RANDOM ASSIGNMENT
Final angle assignmentType: MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD

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