National Institutes of Health/National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIH/NIGMS)
GM124096, GM143158, GM136976
United States
Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas (CPRIT)
RP160667-P2, RP160082
United States
Welch Foundation
I-1441, I-1944
United States
Citation
Journal: Mol Cell / Year: 2023 Title: CTCF and R-loops are boundaries of cohesin-mediated DNA looping. Authors: Hongshan Zhang / Zhubing Shi / Edward J Banigan / Yoori Kim / Hongtao Yu / Xiao-Chen Bai / Ilya J Finkelstein / Abstract: Cohesin and CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) are key regulatory proteins of three-dimensional (3D) genome organization. Cohesin extrudes DNA loops that are anchored by CTCF in a polar orientation. Here, ...Cohesin and CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) are key regulatory proteins of three-dimensional (3D) genome organization. Cohesin extrudes DNA loops that are anchored by CTCF in a polar orientation. Here, we present direct evidence that CTCF binding polarity controls cohesin-mediated DNA looping. Using single-molecule imaging, we demonstrate that a critical N-terminal motif of CTCF blocks cohesin translocation and DNA looping. The cryo-EM structure of the cohesin-CTCF complex reveals that this CTCF motif ahead of zinc fingers can only reach its binding site on the STAG1 cohesin subunit when the N terminus of CTCF faces cohesin. Remarkably, a C-terminally oriented CTCF accelerates DNA compaction by cohesin. DNA-bound Cas9 and Cas12a ribonucleoproteins are also polar cohesin barriers, indicating that stalling may be intrinsic to cohesin itself. Finally, we show that RNA-DNA hybrids (R-loops) block cohesin-mediated DNA compaction in vitro and are enriched with cohesin subunits in vivo, likely forming TAD boundaries.
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