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- EMDB-46936: RNA-nsp9 bound to the NiRAN domain of the E-RTC with an empty G-pocket -

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Basic information

Entry
Database: EMDB / ID: EMD-46936
TitleRNA-nsp9 bound to the NiRAN domain of the E-RTC with an empty G-pocket
Map dataFull map of the SARS-CoV-2 E-RTC with RNA-nsp9 docked into the NiRAN domain.
Sample
  • Complex: E-RTC with RNA-nsp9 bound to the NiRAN domain.
    • Protein or peptide: RNA-directed RNA polymerase
    • Protein or peptide: Non-structural protein 9
  • Ligand: ZINC ION
  • Ligand: ADENOSINE MONOPHOSPHATE
KeywordsRdRp / nsp9 / NiRAN / RNA-nsp9 / nsp12 / RTC / VIRAL PROTEIN
Function / homology
Function and homology information


protein guanylyltransferase activity / RNA endonuclease activity producing 3'-phosphomonoesters, hydrolytic mechanism / mRNA guanylyltransferase activity / 5'-3' RNA helicase activity / Lyases; Phosphorus-oxygen lyases / Assembly of the SARS-CoV-2 Replication-Transcription Complex (RTC) / symbiont-mediated suppression of host cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway via inhibition of TBK1 activity / Maturation of replicase proteins / ISG15-specific peptidase activity / TRAF3-dependent IRF activation pathway ...protein guanylyltransferase activity / RNA endonuclease activity producing 3'-phosphomonoesters, hydrolytic mechanism / mRNA guanylyltransferase activity / 5'-3' RNA helicase activity / Lyases; Phosphorus-oxygen lyases / Assembly of the SARS-CoV-2 Replication-Transcription Complex (RTC) / symbiont-mediated suppression of host cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway via inhibition of TBK1 activity / Maturation of replicase proteins / ISG15-specific peptidase activity / TRAF3-dependent IRF activation pathway / Transcription of SARS-CoV-2 sgRNAs / Translation of Replicase and Assembly of the Replication Transcription Complex / snRNP Assembly / Replication of the SARS-CoV-2 genome / Hydrolases; Acting on ester bonds; Exoribonucleases producing 5'-phosphomonoesters / host cell endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment / double membrane vesicle viral factory outer membrane / SARS coronavirus main proteinase / 5'-3' DNA helicase activity / 3'-5'-RNA exonuclease activity / host cell endosome / symbiont-mediated degradation of host mRNA / mRNA guanylyltransferase / symbiont-mediated suppression of host ISG15-protein conjugation / G-quadruplex RNA binding / symbiont-mediated suppression of host toll-like receptor signaling pathway / symbiont-mediated suppression of host cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway via inhibition of IRF3 activity / omega peptidase activity / mRNA (guanine-N7)-methyltransferase / SARS-CoV-2 modulates host translation machinery / methyltransferase cap1 / host cell Golgi apparatus / symbiont-mediated suppression of host NF-kappaB cascade / symbiont-mediated perturbation of host ubiquitin-like protein modification / DNA helicase / methyltransferase cap1 activity / ubiquitinyl hydrolase 1 / cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity / mRNA 5'-cap (guanine-N7-)-methyltransferase activity / Hydrolases; Acting on peptide bonds (peptidases); Cysteine endopeptidases / single-stranded RNA binding / host cell perinuclear region of cytoplasm / regulation of autophagy / viral protein processing / lyase activity / host cell endoplasmic reticulum membrane / RNA helicase / symbiont-mediated suppression of host type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway / symbiont-mediated suppression of host gene expression / copper ion binding / viral translational frameshifting / symbiont-mediated activation of host autophagy / RNA-directed RNA polymerase / cysteine-type endopeptidase activity / viral RNA genome replication / RNA-directed RNA polymerase activity / lipid binding / DNA-templated transcription / host cell nucleus / SARS-CoV-2 activates/modulates innate and adaptive immune responses / ATP hydrolysis activity / proteolysis / RNA binding / zinc ion binding / ATP binding / membrane
Similarity search - Function
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, SARS-CoV-like / Nonstructural protein 14, betacoronavirus / NSP15, NendoU domain, coronavirus / Nonstructural protein 15, middle domain, alpha/betacoronavirus / Nonstructural protein 15, N-terminal domain, alpha/beta-coronavirus / NSP14, guanine-N7-methyltransferase domain, coronavirus / Coronavirus (CoV) guanine-N7-methyltransferase (N7-MTase) domain profile. / Coronavirus (CoV) Nsp15 N-terminal oligomerization domain profile. / NSP12 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, coronavirus / : ...RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, SARS-CoV-like / Nonstructural protein 14, betacoronavirus / NSP15, NendoU domain, coronavirus / Nonstructural protein 15, middle domain, alpha/betacoronavirus / Nonstructural protein 15, N-terminal domain, alpha/beta-coronavirus / NSP14, guanine-N7-methyltransferase domain, coronavirus / Coronavirus (CoV) guanine-N7-methyltransferase (N7-MTase) domain profile. / Coronavirus (CoV) Nsp15 N-terminal oligomerization domain profile. / NSP12 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, coronavirus / : / Coronavirus Nsp12 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) domain profile. / Coronavirus Nsp12 Interface domain profile. / : / : / Coronavirus Nonstructural protein 13, 1B domain / Coronavirus Non-structural protein 13, zinc-binding domain / Coronavirus Nonstructural protein 13, stalk domain / Nidovirus 2-O-methyltransferase / Nidovirus 2'-O-methyltransferase (2'-O-MTase) domain profile. / Non-structural protein NSP15, N-terminal domain superfamily, coronavirus / Non-structural protein NSP15, middle domain superfamily / Coronavirus replicase NSP15, N-terminal oligomerization / Nonstructural protein 15, middle domain, coronavirus / Nonstructural protein 13, 1B domain, coronavirus / Coronavirus replicase NSP15, middle domain / Coronavirus replicase NSP15, N-terminal oligomerisation / Nidovirus 3'-5' exoribonuclease domain / Nidovirus 3'-5' exoribonuclease (ExoN) domain profile. / Non-structural protein NSP16, coronavirus-like / Non-structural protein 14, coronavirus / RNA polymerase, N-terminal, coronavirus / Coronavirus 2'-O-methyltransferase / Coronavirus proofreading exoribonuclease / Coronavirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, N-terminal / Nonstructural protein 13, zinc-binding domain, coronavirus-like / Coronaviridae zinc-binding (CV ZBD) domain profile. / Arterivirus Nsp11 N-terminal/Coronavirus NSP15 middle domain / Arterivirus Nsp11 N-terminal/coronavirus NSP15 middle (AV-Nsp11N/CoV-Nsp15M) domain profile. / Nidoviral uridylate-specific endoribonuclease (NendoU) domain profile. / Nidovirus RdRp-associated nucleotidyl transferase (NiRAN) domain / Nidovirus RdRp-associated nucleotidyl transferase (NiRAN) domain profile. / Endoribonuclease EndoU-like / NendoU domain, nidovirus / Coronavirus replicase NSP15, uridylate-specific endoribonuclease / : / Lipocalin signature. / DNA2/NAM7 helicase-like, C-terminal / AAA domain / (+) RNA virus helicase core domain / (+)RNA virus helicase core domain profile. / Non-structural protein NSP3, SUD-N (Mac2) domain, betacoronavirus / Sarbecovirus Nsp3c-N domain profile. / Non-structural protein NSP3, N-terminal, betacoronavirus / Polyprotein cleavage domain PL2pro superfamily, betacoronavirus / Non-structural protein NSP3, SUD-N (Mac2) domain superfamily, betacoronavirus / Betacoronavirus SUD-C domain / Betacoronavirus replicase NSP3, N-terminal / NSP1 globular domain superfamily, betacoronavirus / Non-structural protein 2, SARS-CoV-like / Carbamoyl-phosphate synthase subdomain signature 2. / Betacoronavirus Nsp3c-M domain profile. / NSP1, globular domain, betacoronavirus / Non-structural protein NSP3, SUD-M domain, betacoronavirus / Non-structural protein NSP3, SUD-M domain superfamily, betacoronavirus / Betacoronavirus replicase NSP1 / Betacoronavirus single-stranded poly(A) binding domain / NSP1, C-terminal domain, betacoronavirus / : / Betacoronavirus (BetaCoV) Nsp1 C-terminal domain profile. / Betacoronavirus Nsp3e group 2-specific marker (G2M) domain profile. / Betacoronavirus Nsp3c-C domain profile. / Betacoronavirus Nsp3e nucleic acid-binding (NAB) domain profile. / DPUP/SUD, C-terminal, betacoronavirus / Non-structural protein NSP3, nucleic acid-binding domain, betacoronavirus / Non-structural protein NSP3A domain-like superfamily / Non-structural protein NSP3, nucleic acid-binding domain superfamily, betacoronavirus / Non-structural protein 6, betacoronavirus / Betacoronavirus nucleic acid-binding (NAB) / Papain-like viral protease, palm and finger domains, coronavirus / Papain-like protease, N-terminal domain superfamily, coronavirus / Coronavirus replicase NSP2, N-terminal / : / Coronavirus replicase NSP2, C-terminal / Coronavirus (CoV) Nsp2 middle domain profile. / NSP1, globular domain, alpha/betacoronavirus / Coronavirus (CoV) Nsp1 globular domain profile. / Coronavirus (CoV) Nsp2 N-terminal domain profile. / Coronavirus (CoV) Nsp2 C-terminal domain profile. / Nonstructural protein 2, N-terminal domain, coronavirus / Non-structural protein 2, C-terminal domain, coronavirus / NSP3, second ubiquitin-like (Ubl) domain, coronavirus / Coronavirus Nsp3a Ubl domain profile. / Coronavirus Nsp3d Ubl domain profile. / NSP3, first ubiquitin-like (Ubl) domain, coronavirus / Peptidase family C16 domain profile. / : / : / Coronavirus replicase NSP7 / Coronavirus 3Ecto domain profile. / Coronavirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) Nsp7 cofactor domain profile.
Similarity search - Domain/homology
Replicase polyprotein 1ab
Similarity search - Component
Biological speciesSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
Methodsingle particle reconstruction / cryo EM / Resolution: 2.58 Å
AuthorsSmall GI / Darst SA / Campbell EA
Funding support United States, 1 items
OrganizationGrant numberCountry
National Institutes of Health/National Institute Of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIH/NIAID)AI161278 United States
CitationJournal: Cell / Year: 2025
Title: The mechanism for GTP-mediated RNA capping by the SARS-CoV-2 NiRAN domain remains unresolved.
Authors: Gabriel I Small / Seth A Darst / Elizabeth A Campbell /
Abstract: The Nidovirus RdRp-associated nucleotidyltransferase (NiRAN) domain initiates mRNA capping in coronaviruses through a GDP-polyribonucleotidyltransferase reaction, with RNA covalently linked to nsp9. ...The Nidovirus RdRp-associated nucleotidyltransferase (NiRAN) domain initiates mRNA capping in coronaviruses through a GDP-polyribonucleotidyltransferase reaction, with RNA covalently linked to nsp9. GDP is the preferred substrate for this reaction, but the NiRAN domain can also utilize GTP to produce an authentic 5' RNA cap structure, though the GTP-mediated mechanism is unclear. Yan and colleagues claimed to have delineated the reaction mechanism from the analysis of a cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of a trapped catalytic intermediate of the SARS-CoV-2 NiRAN domain with a β-γ-non-hydrolyzable GTP analog (GMPPNP) and RNA-nsp9 (PDB: 8GWE). We show that the cryo-EM data used to derive PDB: 8GWE do not support the presence of GMPPNP in the NiRAN active site, and the resulting atomic model is incompatible with fundamental chemical principles. We conclude that Yan and colleagues' conclusions are not experimentally supported and the mechanism for GTP-mediated RNA capping by the SARS-CoV-2 NiRAN domain remains unresolved. This Matters Arising paper is in response to Yan et al. (2022), published in Cell. See also the response by Huang et al. (2025), published in this issue.
History
DepositionSep 6, 2024-
Header (metadata) releaseMar 19, 2025-
Map releaseMar 19, 2025-
UpdateOct 1, 2025-
Current statusOct 1, 2025Processing site: RCSB / Status: Released

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Structure visualization

Supplemental images

emd_46936.png

Downloads & links

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Map

FileDownload / File: emd_46936.map.gz / Format: CCP4 / Size: 343 MB / Type: IMAGE STORED AS FLOATING POINT NUMBER (4 BYTES)
AnnotationFull map of the SARS-CoV-2 E-RTC with RNA-nsp9 docked into the NiRAN domain.
Projections & slices

Image control

Size
Brightness
Contrast
Others
AxesZ (Sec.)Y (Row.)X (Col.)
0.96 Å/pix.
x 448 pix.
= 430.08 Å		0.96 Å/pix.
x 448 pix.
= 430.08 Å		0.96 Å/pix.
x 448 pix.
= 430.08 Å

Surface

Projections

Slices (1/3)

Slices (1/2)

Slices (2/3)

Images are generated by Spider.

Voxel sizeX=Y=Z: 0.96 Å
Density

Histogram

Histogram (log scale)
Contour LevelBy AUTHOR: 0.242
Minimum - Maximum-0.46674135 - 1.7319441
Average (Standard dev.)-0.00067938695 (±0.03110172)
SymmetrySpace group: 1
Details

EMDB XML:

Map geometry
Axis orderXYZ
Origin000
Dimensions448448448
Spacing448448448
CellA=B=C: 430.08 Å
α=β=γ: 90.0 °

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Supplemental data

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Additional map: Locally filtered map of the SARS-CoV-2 E-RTC with...

Fileemd_46936_additional_1.map
AnnotationLocally filtered map of the SARS-CoV-2 E-RTC with RNA-nsp9 docked into the NiRAN domain.
Projections & Slices
AxesZYX

Projections

Slices (1/2)
Density Histograms

Histogram

Histogram (log scale)

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Half map: Half map B of the SARS-CoV-2 E-RTC with...

Fileemd_46936_half_map_1.map
AnnotationHalf map B of the SARS-CoV-2 E-RTC with RNA-nsp9 docked into the NiRAN domain.
Projections & Slices
AxesZYX

Projections

Slices (1/2)
Density Histograms

Histogram

Histogram (log scale)

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Half map: Half map A of the SARS-CoV-2 E-RTC with...

Fileemd_46936_half_map_2.map
AnnotationHalf map A of the SARS-CoV-2 E-RTC with RNA-nsp9 docked into the NiRAN domain.
Projections & Slices
AxesZYX

Projections

Slices (1/2)
Density Histograms

Histogram

Histogram (log scale)

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Sample components

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Entire : E-RTC with RNA-nsp9 bound to the NiRAN domain.

EntireName: E-RTC with RNA-nsp9 bound to the NiRAN domain.
Components
  • Complex: E-RTC with RNA-nsp9 bound to the NiRAN domain.
    • Protein or peptide: RNA-directed RNA polymerase
    • Protein or peptide: Non-structural protein 9
  • Ligand: ZINC ION
  • Ligand: ADENOSINE MONOPHOSPHATE

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Supramolecule #1: E-RTC with RNA-nsp9 bound to the NiRAN domain.

SupramoleculeName: E-RTC with RNA-nsp9 bound to the NiRAN domain. / type: complex / ID: 1 / Parent: 0 / Macromolecule list: #1-#2
Source (natural)Organism: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2

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Macromolecule #1: RNA-directed RNA polymerase

MacromoleculeName: RNA-directed RNA polymerase / type: protein_or_peptide / ID: 1 / Number of copies: 1 / Enantiomer: LEVO / EC number: RNA-directed RNA polymerase
Source (natural)Organism: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
Molecular weightTheoretical: 106.780977 KDa
Recombinant expressionOrganism: Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) (bacteria)
SequenceString: SADAQSFLNR VCGVSAARLT PCGTGTSTDV VYRAFDIYND KVAGFAKFLK TNCCRFQEKD EDDNLIDSYF VVKRHTFSNY QHEETIYNL LKDCPAVAKH DFFKFRIDGD MVPHISRQRL TKYTMADLVY ALRHFDEGNC DTLKEILVTY NCCDDDYFNK K DWYDFVEN ...String:
SADAQSFLNR VCGVSAARLT PCGTGTSTDV VYRAFDIYND KVAGFAKFLK TNCCRFQEKD EDDNLIDSYF VVKRHTFSNY QHEETIYNL LKDCPAVAKH DFFKFRIDGD MVPHISRQRL TKYTMADLVY ALRHFDEGNC DTLKEILVTY NCCDDDYFNK K DWYDFVEN PDILRVYANL GERVRQALLK TVQFCDAMRN AGIVGVLTLD NQDLNGNWYD FGDFIQTTPG SGVPVVDSYY SL LMPILTL TRALTAESHV DTDLTKPYIK WDLLKYDFTE ERLKLFDRYF KYWDQTYHPN CVNCLDDRCI LHCANFNVLF STV FPPTSF GPLVRKIFVD GVPFVVSTGY HFRELGVVHN QDVNLHSSRL SFKELLVYAA DPAMHAASGN LLLDKRTTCF SVAA LTNNV AFQTVKPGNF NKDFYDFAVS KGFFKEGSSV ELKHFFFAQD GNAAISDYDY YRYNLPTMCD IRQLLFVVEV VDKYF DCYD GGCINANQVI VNNLDKSAGF PFNKWGKARL YYDSMSYEDQ DALFAYTKRN VIPTITQMNL KYAISAKNRA RTVAGV SIC STMTNRQFHQ KLLKSIAATR GATVVIGTSK FYGGWHNMLK TVYSDVENPH LMGWDYPKCD RAMPNMLRIM ASLVLAR KH TTCCSLSHRF YRLANECAQV LSEMVMCGGS LYVKPGGTSS GDATTAYANS VFNICQAVTA NVNALLSTDG NKIADKYV R NLQHRLYECL YRNRDVDTDF VNEFYAYLRK HFSMMILSDD AVVCFNSTYA SQGLVASIKN FKSVLYYQNN VFMSEAKCW TETDLTKGPH EFCSQHTMLV KQGDDYVYLP YPDPSRILGA GCFVDDIVKT DGTLMIERFV SLAIDAYPLT KHPNQEYADV FHLYLQYIR KLHDELTGHM LDMYSVMLTN DNTSRYWEPE FYEAMYTPHT VLQ

UniProtKB: Replicase polyprotein 1ab

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Macromolecule #2: Non-structural protein 9

MacromoleculeName: Non-structural protein 9 / type: protein_or_peptide / ID: 2 / Number of copies: 1 / Enantiomer: LEVO
Source (natural)Organism: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
Molecular weightTheoretical: 12.391171 KDa
Recombinant expressionOrganism: Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) (bacteria)
SequenceString:
NNELSPVALR QMSCAAGTTQ TACTDDNALA YYNTTKGGRF VLALLSDLQD LKWARFPKSD GTGTIYTELE PPCRFVTDTP KGPKVKYLY FIKGLNNLNR GMVLGSLAAT VRLQ

UniProtKB: Replicase polyprotein 1ab

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Macromolecule #3: ZINC ION

MacromoleculeName: ZINC ION / type: ligand / ID: 3 / Number of copies: 2 / Formula: ZN
Molecular weightTheoretical: 65.409 Da

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Macromolecule #4: ADENOSINE MONOPHOSPHATE

MacromoleculeName: ADENOSINE MONOPHOSPHATE / type: ligand / ID: 4 / Number of copies: 1 / Formula: AMP
Molecular weightTheoretical: 347.221 Da
Chemical component information

ChemComp-AMP:
ADENOSINE MONOPHOSPHATE / AMP*YM

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Experimental details

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Structure determination

Methodcryo EM
Processingsingle particle reconstruction
Aggregation stateparticle

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Sample preparation

BufferpH: 7
VitrificationCryogen name: ETHANE

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Electron microscopy

MicroscopeFEI TITAN KRIOS
Image recordingFilm or detector model: GATAN K2 QUANTUM (4k x 4k) / Average electron dose: 60.0 e/Å2
Electron beamAcceleration voltage: 300 kV / Electron source: TUNGSTEN HAIRPIN
Electron opticsIllumination mode: FLOOD BEAM / Imaging mode: BRIGHT FIELD / Nominal defocus max: 2.0 µm / Nominal defocus min: 1.0 µm
Experimental equipment
Model: Titan Krios / Image courtesy: FEI Company

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Image processing

CTF correctionType: PHASE FLIPPING AND AMPLITUDE CORRECTION
Startup modelType of model: PDB ENTRY
PDB model - PDB ID:

8gwe

Final reconstructionResolution.type: BY AUTHOR / Resolution: 2.58 Å / Resolution method: FSC 0.143 CUT-OFF / Number images used: 215570
Initial angle assignmentType: NOT APPLICABLE
Final angle assignmentType: MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD
FSC plot (resolution estimation)

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