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- EMDB-14582: Human heparan sulfate polymerase complex EXT1-EXT2 -

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Basic information

Entry
Database: EMDB / ID: EMD-14582
TitleHuman heparan sulfate polymerase complex EXT1-EXT2
Map data
Sample
  • Complex: Hetero-dimeric complex EXT1-EXT2
    • Protein or peptide: Exostosin-1
    • Protein or peptide: Exostosin-2
  • Ligand: 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose
  • Ligand: URIDINE-5'-DIPHOSPHATE
KeywordsHeparan sulfate biosynthesis / Enzyme complex / Glycosyltransferase / Golgi / TRANSFERASE
Function / homology
Function and homology information


glucuronosyl-N-acetylglucosaminyl-proteoglycan 4-alpha-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase / N-acetylglucosaminyl-proteoglycan 4-beta-glucuronosyltransferase / hypersensitivity / heart field specification / lymphocyte adhesion to endothelial cell of high endothelial venule / heparan sulfate N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity / glucuronosyl-N-acetylglucosaminyl-proteoglycan 4-alpha-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity / N-acetylglucosaminyl-proteoglycan 4-beta-glucuronosyltransferase activity / smoothened signaling pathway involved in lung development / developmental growth involved in morphogenesis ...glucuronosyl-N-acetylglucosaminyl-proteoglycan 4-alpha-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase / N-acetylglucosaminyl-proteoglycan 4-beta-glucuronosyltransferase / hypersensitivity / heart field specification / lymphocyte adhesion to endothelial cell of high endothelial venule / heparan sulfate N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity / glucuronosyl-N-acetylglucosaminyl-proteoglycan 4-alpha-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity / N-acetylglucosaminyl-proteoglycan 4-beta-glucuronosyltransferase activity / smoothened signaling pathway involved in lung development / developmental growth involved in morphogenesis / sweat gland development / perichondral bone morphogenesis / mesenchymal cell differentiation involved in bone development / response to leukemia inhibitory factor / : / UDP-N-acetylglucosamine transferase complex / chondrocyte hypertrophy / embryonic skeletal joint development / hematopoietic stem cell migration to bone marrow / fluid transport / : / limb joint morphogenesis / tight junction organization / glucuronosyltransferase activity / Defective EXT2 causes exostoses 2 / Defective EXT1 causes exostoses 1, TRPS2 and CHDS / heparin proteoglycan biosynthetic process / stomach development / sebaceous gland development / response to heparin / glomerular basement membrane development / glycosaminoglycan biosynthetic process / HS-GAG biosynthesis / lymphocyte migration into lymphoid organs / sulfation / heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process / chondrocyte proliferation / dendritic cell migration / endochondral bone morphogenesis / dendrite self-avoidance / glandular epithelial cell differentiation / hematopoietic stem cell homeostasis / endochondral bone growth / acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity / podocyte differentiation / sodium ion homeostasis / cartilage development involved in endochondral bone morphogenesis / basement membrane organization / cranial skeletal system development / vacuole organization / vocalization behavior / olfactory bulb development / leukocyte tethering or rolling / endochondral ossification / multicellular organismal-level water homeostasis / endoderm development / polysaccharide biosynthetic process / fear response / response to light intensity / stem cell division / protein N-linked glycosylation / regulation of tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway / collagen fibril organization / neural crest cell differentiation / ossification involved in bone maturation / motor behavior / optic nerve development / hair follicle morphogenesis / cell adhesion mediated by integrin / epithelial tube branching involved in lung morphogenesis / heart contraction / protein glycosylation / antigen processing and presentation / glycosyltransferase activity / social behavior / mesoderm development / mesoderm formation / cellular response to fibroblast growth factor stimulus / blood vessel remodeling / cell fate commitment / catalytic complex / fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway / hematopoietic stem cell differentiation / canonical Wnt signaling pathway / chondrocyte differentiation / BMP signaling pathway / bone resorption / gastrulation / ossification / axon guidance / synaptic transmission, glutamatergic / wound healing / protein catabolic process / multicellular organism growth / cellular response to virus / regulation of blood pressure / vasodilation / protein-containing complex assembly / gene expression / protein heterodimerization activity
Similarity search - Function
Exostosin-like / Exostosin, GT47 domain / Exostosin GT47 domain / Glycosyl transferase 64 domain / Glycosyl transferase family 64 domain / Nucleotide-diphospho-sugar transferases
Similarity search - Domain/homology
Exostosin-1 / Exostosin-2
Similarity search - Component
Biological speciesHomo sapiens (human)
Methodsingle particle reconstruction / cryo EM / Resolution: 2.8 Å
AuthorsLeisico F / Omeiri J / Hons M / Schoehn G / Lortat-Jacob H / Wild R
Funding support France, 3 items
OrganizationGrant numberCountry
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)ATIP-Avenir France
Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR)ANR-18-CE11- 0006-01 France
Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR)ANR-15-IDEX-02 France
CitationJournal: Nat Commun / Year: 2022
Title: Structure of the human heparan sulfate polymerase complex EXT1-EXT2.
Authors: Francisco Leisico / Juneina Omeiri / Christine Le Narvor / Joël Beaudouin / Michael Hons / Daphna Fenel / Guy Schoehn / Yohann Couté / David Bonnaffé / Rabia Sadir / Hugues Lortat-Jacob / Rebekka Wild /
Abstract: Heparan sulfates are complex polysaccharides that mediate the interaction with a broad range of protein ligands at the cell surface. A key step in heparan sulfate biosynthesis is catalyzed by the bi- ...Heparan sulfates are complex polysaccharides that mediate the interaction with a broad range of protein ligands at the cell surface. A key step in heparan sulfate biosynthesis is catalyzed by the bi-functional glycosyltransferases EXT1 and EXT2, which generate the glycan backbone consisting of repeating N-acetylglucosamine and glucuronic acid units. The molecular mechanism of heparan sulfate chain polymerization remains, however, unknown. Here, we present the cryo-electron microscopy structure of human EXT1-EXT2, which reveals the formation of a tightly packed hetero-dimeric complex harboring four glycosyltransferase domains. A combination of in vitro and in cellulo mutational studies is used to dissect the functional role of the four catalytic sites. While EXT1 can catalyze both glycosyltransferase reactions, our results indicate that EXT2 might only have N-acetylglucosamine transferase activity. Our findings provide mechanistic insight into heparan sulfate chain elongation as a nonprocessive process and lay the foundation for future studies on EXT1-EXT2 function in health and disease.
History
DepositionMar 23, 2022-
Header (metadata) releaseDec 7, 2022-
Map releaseDec 7, 2022-
UpdateJul 2, 2025-
Current statusJul 2, 2025Processing site: PDBe / Status: Released

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Structure visualization

Supplemental images

emd_14582.png

Downloads & links

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Map

FileDownload / File: emd_14582.map.gz / Format: CCP4 / Size: 125 MB / Type: IMAGE STORED AS FLOATING POINT NUMBER (4 BYTES)
Projections & slices

Image control

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AxesZ (Sec.)Y (Row.)X (Col.)
0.84 Å/pix.
x 320 pix.
= 268.8 Å		0.84 Å/pix.
x 320 pix.
= 268.8 Å		0.84 Å/pix.
x 320 pix.
= 268.8 Å

Surface

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Images are generated by Spider.

Voxel sizeX=Y=Z: 0.84 Å
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Contour LevelBy AUTHOR: 0.01
Minimum - Maximum-0.09967563 - 0.13719282
Average (Standard dev.)0.0000033763044 (±0.0023645854)
SymmetrySpace group: 1
Details

EMDB XML:

Map geometry
Axis orderXYZ
Origin000
Dimensions320320320
Spacing320320320
CellA=B=C: 268.8 Å
α=β=γ: 90.0 °

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Supplemental data

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Mask #1

Fileemd_14582_msk_1.map
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Additional map: #1

Fileemd_14582_additional_1.map
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Half map: #2

Fileemd_14582_half_map_1.map
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Half map: #1

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Sample components

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Entire : Hetero-dimeric complex EXT1-EXT2

EntireName: Hetero-dimeric complex EXT1-EXT2
Components
  • Complex: Hetero-dimeric complex EXT1-EXT2
    • Protein or peptide: Exostosin-1
    • Protein or peptide: Exostosin-2
  • Ligand: 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose
  • Ligand: URIDINE-5'-DIPHOSPHATE

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Supramolecule #1: Hetero-dimeric complex EXT1-EXT2

SupramoleculeName: Hetero-dimeric complex EXT1-EXT2 / type: complex / ID: 1 / Parent: 0 / Macromolecule list: #1-#2
Details: local resolution-filtered map generated using a B-factor of -30 A2
Source (natural)Organism: Homo sapiens (human)
Molecular weightTheoretical: 160 KDa

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Macromolecule #1: Exostosin-1

MacromoleculeName: Exostosin-1 / type: protein_or_peptide / ID: 1 / Number of copies: 1 / Enantiomer: LEVO
EC number: glucuronosyl-N-acetylglucosaminyl-proteoglycan 4-alpha-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase
Source (natural)Organism: Homo sapiens (human)
Molecular weightTheoretical: 85.261859 KDa
Recombinant expressionOrganism: Homo sapiens (human)
SequenceString: GASRASRSHS RREEHSGRNG LHHPSPDHFW PRFPDALRPF VPWDQLENED SSVHISPRQK RDANSSIYKG KKCRMESCFD FTLCKKNGF KVYVYPQQKG EKIAESYQNI LAAIEGSRFY TSDPSQACLF VLSLDTLDRD QLSPQYVHNL RSKVQSLHLW N NGRNHLIF ...String:
GASRASRSHS RREEHSGRNG LHHPSPDHFW PRFPDALRPF VPWDQLENED SSVHISPRQK RDANSSIYKG KKCRMESCFD FTLCKKNGF KVYVYPQQKG EKIAESYQNI LAAIEGSRFY TSDPSQACLF VLSLDTLDRD QLSPQYVHNL RSKVQSLHLW N NGRNHLIF NLYSGTWPDY TEDVGFDIGQ AMLAKASIST ENFRPNFDVS IPLFSKDHPR TGGERGFLKF NTIPPLRKYM LV FKGKRYL TGIGSDTRNA LYHVHNGEDV VLLTTCKHGK DWQKHKDSRC DRDNTEYEKY DYREMLHNAT FCLVPRGRRL GSF RFLEAL QAACVPVMLS NGWELPFSEV INWNQAAVIG DERLLLQIPS TIRSIHQDKI LALRQQTQFL WEAYFSSVEK IVLT TLEII QDRIFKHISR NSLIWNKHPG GLFVLPQYSS YLGDFPYYYA NLGLKPPSKF TAVIHAVTPL VSQSQPVLKL LVAAA KSQY CAQIIVLWNC DKPLPAKHRW PATAVPVVVI EGESKVMSSR FLPYDNIITD AVLSLDEDTV LSTTEVDFAF TVWQSF PER IVGYPARSHF WDNSKERWGY TSKWTNDYSM VLTGAAIYHK YYHYLYSHYL PASLKNMVDQ LANCEDILMN FLVSAVT KL PPIKVTQKKQ YKETMMGQTS RASRWADPDH FAQRQSCMNT FASWFGYMPL IHSQMRLDPV LFKDQVSILR KKYRDIER L NNNNNNGHHH HHHHH

UniProtKB: Exostosin-1

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Macromolecule #2: Exostosin-2

MacromoleculeName: Exostosin-2 / type: protein_or_peptide / ID: 2 / Number of copies: 1 / Enantiomer: LEVO
EC number: glucuronosyl-N-acetylglucosaminyl-proteoglycan 4-alpha-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase
Source (natural)Organism: Homo sapiens (human)
Molecular weightTheoretical: 79.056836 KDa
Recombinant expressionOrganism: Homo sapiens (human)
SequenceString: GASPHSIESS NDWNVEKRSI RDVPVVRLPA DSPIPERGDL SCRMHTCFDV YRCGFNPKNK IKVYIYALKK YVDDFGVSVS NTISREYNE LLMAISDSDY YTDDINRACL FVPSIDVLNQ NTLRIKETAQ AMAQLSRWDR GTNHLLFNML PGGPPDYNTA L DVPRDRAL ...String:
GASPHSIESS NDWNVEKRSI RDVPVVRLPA DSPIPERGDL SCRMHTCFDV YRCGFNPKNK IKVYIYALKK YVDDFGVSVS NTISREYNE LLMAISDSDY YTDDINRACL FVPSIDVLNQ NTLRIKETAQ AMAQLSRWDR GTNHLLFNML PGGPPDYNTA L DVPRDRAL LAGGGFSTWT YRQGYDVSIP VYSPLSAEVD LPEKGPGPRQ YFLLSSQVGL HPEYREDLEA LQVKHGESVL VL DKCTNLS EGVLSVRKRC HKHQVFDYPQ VLQEATFCVV LRGARLGQAV LSDVLQAGCV PVVIADSYIL PFSEVLDWKR ASV VVPEEK MSDVYSILQS IPQRQIEEMQ RQARWFWEAY FQSIKAIALA TLQIINDRIY PYAAISYEEW NDPPAVKWGS VSNP LFLPL IPPQSQGFTA IVLTYDRVES LFRVITEVSK VPSLSKLLVV WNNQNKNPPE DSLWPKIRVP LKVVRTAENK LSNRF FPYD EIETEAVLAI DDDIIMLTSD ELQFGYEVWR EFPDRLVGYP GRLHLWDHEM NKWKYESEWT NEVSMVLTGA AFYHKY FNY LYTYKMPGDI KNWVDAHMNC EDIAMNFLVA NVTGKAVIKV TPRKKFKCPE CTAIDGLSLD QTHMVERSEC INKFASV FG TMPLKVVEHR ADPVLYKDDF PEKLKSFPNI GSLNNNNNNG HHHHHHHH

UniProtKB: Exostosin-2

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Macromolecule #4: 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose

MacromoleculeName: 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose / type: ligand / ID: 4 / Number of copies: 1 / Formula: NAG
Molecular weightTheoretical: 221.208 Da
Chemical component information

ChemComp-NAG:
2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose

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Macromolecule #5: URIDINE-5'-DIPHOSPHATE

MacromoleculeName: URIDINE-5'-DIPHOSPHATE / type: ligand / ID: 5 / Number of copies: 1 / Formula: UDP
Molecular weightTheoretical: 404.161 Da
Chemical component information

ChemComp-UDP:
URIDINE-5'-DIPHOSPHATE / UDP*YM

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Experimental details

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Structure determination

Methodcryo EM
Processingsingle particle reconstruction
Aggregation stateparticle

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Sample preparation

Concentration0.4 mg/mL
BufferpH: 7.2
GridModel: Quantifoil R1.2/1.3 / Material: COPPER / Pretreatment - Type: GLOW DISCHARGE
VitrificationCryogen name: ETHANE / Chamber humidity: 100 % / Chamber temperature: 277 K / Instrument: FEI VITROBOT MARK IV
DetailsPurified EXT1-EXT2 complex at 0.4mg/mL was mixed with 1mM of UDP-GlcNAc, 1mM UDP-GlcA and 1mM MnCl2 and incubated 15 min on ice before applying 4 uL of the sample onto a glow discharged Quantifoil holey carbon grid (R1.2/1.3, 300 mesh, copper).

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Electron microscopy

MicroscopeFEI TITAN KRIOS
Image recordingFilm or detector model: GATAN K3 BIOQUANTUM (6k x 4k) / Average electron dose: 46.0 e/Å2
Electron beamAcceleration voltage: 300 kV / Electron source: FIELD EMISSION GUN
Electron opticsIllumination mode: OTHER / Imaging mode: BRIGHT FIELD / Nominal defocus max: 3.0 µm / Nominal defocus min: 1.0 µm
Experimental equipment
Model: Titan Krios / Image courtesy: FEI Company

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Image processing

CTF correctionType: PHASE FLIPPING AND AMPLITUDE CORRECTION
Startup modelType of model: INSILICO MODEL
In silico model: Model of the hetero-dimeric EXT1-EXT2 complex predicted using the software AlphaFold2.
Final reconstructionResolution.type: BY AUTHOR / Resolution: 2.8 Å / Resolution method: FSC 0.143 CUT-OFF / Number images used: 286390
Initial angle assignmentType: MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD
Final angle assignmentType: MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD
FSC plot (resolution estimation)

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