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TitleImmune shielding of viral vectors via capsid engineering with genetically encoded zwitterionic peptides.
Journal, issue, pagesMol Ther Adv, Vol. 34, Issue 1, Page 201694, Year 2026
Publish dateMar 12, 2026
AuthorsShao-Chia Lu / Olivia X Ma / Alex A Anwar / Dimitrije Ratkov / Janarjan Bhandari / Daniel J Montiel-Garcia / Michael J Hansen / Mary E Barry / Vijay S Reddy / Michael A Barry /
PubMed AbstractPre-existing neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) and blood proteins can rapidly inactivate therapeutic viral vectors and trigger immune toxicities in patients. To overcome these challenges, we engineered ...Pre-existing neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) and blood proteins can rapidly inactivate therapeutic viral vectors and trigger immune toxicities in patients. To overcome these challenges, we engineered the surfaces of adenovirus (Ad) by incorporating genetically encoded "protective shields" to reduce the recognition by host factors. AlphaFold3 modeling showed that inserting a structured biotin acceptor peptide (BAP) into hypervariable region 5 (HVR5) of the viral capsid protein hexon produced a rigid surface protrusion, whereas inserting a disordered, zwitterionic glutamic acid-lysine (EK) peptide formed a flexible canopy over the hexon. Although inserting EK peptides into the capsid impaired viral entry and intracellular trafficking that led to reduced viral transduction and , this modification decreased binding by coagulation factor X (FX) and complement C3. Importantly, the EK peptide-modified Ad also evaded polyclonal anti-Ad NAbs without the need to change all HVRs. The shielding efficiency of EK peptides was affected by their composition and length. Cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) and neutralization assays further revealed that NAbs primarily target HVR1, a region potentially masked by EK peptides inserted in HVR5. These findings demonstrate an alternative capsid engineering approach using genetically encoded peptides to enhance immune stealth of viral vectors.
External linksMol Ther Adv / PubMed:42137280 / PubMed Central
MethodsEM (single particle)
Resolution3.2 - 3.61 Å
Structure data

EMDB-75027: Adenovirus comprising hexons displaying BAP in the HVR5 region
Method: EM (single particle) / Resolution: 3.42 Å

75053

10bu

EMDB-75053, PDB-10bu:
Adenovirus hexon displaying BAP insertion in the HVR5 region
Method: EM (single particle) / Resolution: 3.2 Å

EMDB-75076: Adenovirus decorated with Zwitterionic peptides
Method: EM (single particle) / Resolution: 3.39 Å

75090

10dk

EMDB-75090, PDB-10dk:
Structure of an adenovirus hexon with Zwitterionic insertion in HVR5
Method: EM (single particle) / Resolution: 3.22 Å

75094

10dp

EMDB-75094, PDB-10dp:
Human adenovirus hexon and polyclonal antibody complex
Method: EM (single particle) / Resolution: 3.25 Å

EMDB-75097: Human adenovirus 657 bound to Fabs of polyclonal antibodies.
Method: EM (single particle) / Resolution: 3.61 Å

Source
  • Modified human adenovirus 6
  • human adenovirus 57
  • human adenovirus 6
KeywordsVIRAL PROTEIN / Viral vectors / capsid engineering / zwitterionic peptides / adenoviruses / immune stealth / blood factors / neutralizing antibodies / cryo-EM / VIRUS

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