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TitleRapaprotin, an Endopeptidase-Activated Proteasome Inhibitor that Induces 26S Disassembly.
Journal, issue, pagesAngew Chem Int Ed Engl, Vol. 64, Issue 46, Page e202500288, Year 2025
Publish dateNov 10, 2025
AuthorsHanjing Peng / Zufeng Guo / Wei Li Wang / Deyao Yin / Shitao Zou / Thomas Asbell / Brett R Ullman / Maya Thakar / Feiran Zhang / Sam Y Hong / A V Subba Rao / Kunyu Wang / Shuwen Zhang / Zhaolong Wu / Xuemei Li / Aidan A Kendra / Seth S Margolis / William H Matsui / Christian B Gocke / Youdong Mao / Jun O Liu /
PubMed AbstractThe 19S regulatory particle (RP) associates with the 20S core particle (CP) to form the 26S proteasome, an evolutionarily conserved holoenzyme that plays key roles in both physiological and ...The 19S regulatory particle (RP) associates with the 20S core particle (CP) to form the 26S proteasome, an evolutionarily conserved holoenzyme that plays key roles in both physiological and pathological processes. Proteasome inhibitors that target the catalytic subunits within the 20S have proven to be valuable research tools and therapeutics for various cancers. Herein we report the discovery of rapaprotin, a 26S proteasome assembly inhibitor from our natural product-inspired hybrid macrocycle rapafucin library. Rapaprotin induces apoptosis in both myeloma and leukemia cell lines. Genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screen identified a cytosolic enzyme, prolyl endopeptidase (PREP) that is required for the pro-apoptotic activity of rapaprotin. Further mechanistic studies revealed that rapaprotin acts as a molecular transformer, changing from an inactive cyclic form into an active linear form, rapaprotin-L, upon PREP cleavage, to block 26S proteasome activity. Time-resolved cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) revealed that rapaprotin-L induces dissociation of the 19S RP from the 26S holoenzyme, which was verified in cells. Furthermore, rapaprotin exhibits a marked synergistic effect with FDA-approved proteasome inhibitors and resensitizes drug-resistant multiple myeloma cells from patients to bortezomib. Taken together, these results suggest that rapaprotin is a new chemical tool to probe the dynamics of the 26S proteasome assembly and a promising anticancer drug lead.
External linksAngew Chem Int Ed Engl / PubMed:40960209
MethodsEM (single particle)
Resolution3.1 - 4.1 Å
Structure data

EMDB-65360, PDB-9vue:
Structure of human proteasome ATPase-CP intermediate assembles with 15min rapaprotin addition
Method: EM (single particle) / Resolution: 3.8 Å

EMDB-65361, PDB-9vuf:
Structure of human proteasome ATPase-CP intermediate assembles with 90min rapaprotin addition
Method: EM (single particle) / Resolution: 3.1 Å

EMDB-65362, PDB-9vug:
Structure of human proteasome ATPase-CP intermediate assembles with 90min rapaprotin addition
Method: EM (single particle) / Resolution: 4.1 Å

Chemicals

ChemComp-ATP:
ADENOSINE-5'-TRIPHOSPHATE / ATP, energy-carrying molecule*YM

ChemComp-ADP:
ADENOSINE-5'-DIPHOSPHATE / ADP, energy-carrying molecule*YM

Source
  • homo sapiens (human)
KeywordsHYDROLASE / Proteasome / Rapaprotin / AAA-ATPase / Dissociation

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