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Basic information

Entry
Database: PDB / ID: 7ijf
TitlePanDDA analysis group deposition -- Crystal structure of SARS-CoV-2 NSP3 macrodomain in complex with Z8727401304
ComponentsNon-structural protein 3
KeywordsVIRAL PROTEIN / Macrodomain / ADP-ribose / SARS-CoV-2 / fragment-based drug discovery
Function / homology
Function and homology information


protein guanylyltransferase activity / RNA endonuclease activity producing 3'-phosphomonoesters, hydrolytic mechanism / 5'-3' RNA helicase activity / Lyases; Phosphorus-oxygen lyases / symbiont-mediated suppression of host cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway via inhibition of TBK1 activity / Assembly of the SARS-CoV-2 Replication-Transcription Complex (RTC) / Maturation of replicase proteins / TRAF3-dependent IRF activation pathway / ISG15-specific peptidase activity / snRNP Assembly ...protein guanylyltransferase activity / RNA endonuclease activity producing 3'-phosphomonoesters, hydrolytic mechanism / 5'-3' RNA helicase activity / Lyases; Phosphorus-oxygen lyases / symbiont-mediated suppression of host cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway via inhibition of TBK1 activity / Assembly of the SARS-CoV-2 Replication-Transcription Complex (RTC) / Maturation of replicase proteins / TRAF3-dependent IRF activation pathway / ISG15-specific peptidase activity / snRNP Assembly / Transcription of SARS-CoV-2 sgRNAs / Translation of Replicase and Assembly of the Replication Transcription Complex / Replication of the SARS-CoV-2 genome / Hydrolases; Acting on ester bonds; Exoribonucleases producing 5'-phosphomonoesters / double membrane vesicle viral factory outer membrane / SARS coronavirus main proteinase / host cell endosome / host cell endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment / 5'-3' DNA helicase activity / 3'-5'-RNA exonuclease activity / symbiont-mediated degradation of host mRNA / mRNA guanylyltransferase / symbiont-mediated suppression of host toll-like receptor signaling pathway / G-quadruplex RNA binding / symbiont-mediated suppression of host ISG15-protein conjugation / mRNA guanylyltransferase activity / symbiont-mediated suppression of host cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway via inhibition of IRF3 activity / DNA helicase / omega peptidase activity / mRNA (guanine-N7)-methyltransferase / methyltransferase cap1 / symbiont-mediated suppression of host NF-kappaB cascade / SARS-CoV-2 modulates host translation machinery / symbiont-mediated perturbation of host ubiquitin-like protein modification / host cell Golgi apparatus / Hydrolases; Glycosylases; Hydrolysing N-glycosyl compounds / methyltransferase cap1 activity / lyase activity / mRNA 5'-cap (guanine-N7-)-methyltransferase activity / ubiquitinyl hydrolase 1 / Hydrolases; Acting on peptide bonds (peptidases); Cysteine endopeptidases / cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity / single-stranded RNA binding / viral protein processing / host cell perinuclear region of cytoplasm / host cell endoplasmic reticulum membrane / RNA helicase / symbiont-mediated suppression of host type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway / symbiont-mediated suppression of host gene expression / copper ion binding / viral translational frameshifting / symbiont-mediated activation of host autophagy / cysteine-type endopeptidase activity / RNA-directed RNA polymerase / viral RNA genome replication / RNA-directed RNA polymerase activity / lipid binding / host cell nucleus / SARS-CoV-2 activates/modulates innate and adaptive immune responses / ATP hydrolysis activity / DNA-templated transcription / proteolysis / RNA binding / zinc ion binding / ATP binding
Similarity search - Function
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, SARS-CoV-like / Nonstructural protein 14, betacoronavirus / NSP15, NendoU domain, coronavirus / Nonstructural protein 15, middle domain, alpha/betacoronavirus / Nonstructural protein 15, N-terminal domain, alpha/beta-coronavirus / NSP14, guanine-N7-methyltransferase domain, coronavirus / Coronavirus (CoV) guanine-N7-methyltransferase (N7-MTase) domain profile. / Coronavirus (CoV) Nsp15 N-terminal oligomerization domain profile. / NSP12 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, coronavirus / : ...RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, SARS-CoV-like / Nonstructural protein 14, betacoronavirus / NSP15, NendoU domain, coronavirus / Nonstructural protein 15, middle domain, alpha/betacoronavirus / Nonstructural protein 15, N-terminal domain, alpha/beta-coronavirus / NSP14, guanine-N7-methyltransferase domain, coronavirus / Coronavirus (CoV) guanine-N7-methyltransferase (N7-MTase) domain profile. / Coronavirus (CoV) Nsp15 N-terminal oligomerization domain profile. / NSP12 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, coronavirus / : / Coronavirus Nsp12 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) domain profile. / Coronavirus Nsp12 Interface domain profile. / : / : / Coronavirus Nonstructural protein 13, 1B domain / Coronavirus Non-structural protein 13, zinc-binding domain / Coronavirus Nonstructural protein 13, stalk domain / Nidovirus 2-O-methyltransferase / Nidovirus 2'-O-methyltransferase (2'-O-MTase) domain profile. / Non-structural protein NSP15, N-terminal domain superfamily, coronavirus / Non-structural protein NSP15, middle domain superfamily / Coronavirus replicase NSP15, N-terminal oligomerization / Nonstructural protein 15, middle domain, coronavirus / Nonstructural protein 13, 1B domain, coronavirus / Coronavirus replicase NSP15, middle domain / Coronavirus replicase NSP15, N-terminal oligomerisation / Nidovirus 3'-5' exoribonuclease domain / Nidovirus 3'-5' exoribonuclease (ExoN) domain profile. / Non-structural protein NSP16, coronavirus-like / Non-structural protein 14, coronavirus / RNA polymerase, N-terminal, coronavirus / Coronavirus 2'-O-methyltransferase / Coronavirus proofreading exoribonuclease / Coronavirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, N-terminal / Nonstructural protein 13, zinc-binding domain, coronavirus-like / Coronaviridae zinc-binding (CV ZBD) domain profile. / Arterivirus Nsp11 N-terminal/coronavirus NSP15 middle (AV-Nsp11N/CoV-Nsp15M) domain profile. / Arterivirus Nsp11 N-terminal/Coronavirus NSP15 middle domain / Nidoviral uridylate-specific endoribonuclease (NendoU) domain profile. / Nidovirus RdRp-associated nucleotidyl transferase (NiRAN) domain profile. / Nidovirus RdRp-associated nucleotidyl transferase (NiRAN) domain / Endoribonuclease EndoU-like / NendoU domain, nidovirus / Coronavirus replicase NSP15, uridylate-specific endoribonuclease / : / Lipocalin signature. / DNA2/NAM7 helicase-like, C-terminal / AAA domain / (+)RNA virus helicase core domain profile. / (+) RNA virus helicase core domain / Non-structural protein NSP3, SUD-N (Mac2) domain, betacoronavirus / Sarbecovirus Nsp3c-N domain profile. / Non-structural protein NSP3, N-terminal, betacoronavirus / Polyprotein cleavage domain PL2pro superfamily, betacoronavirus / Non-structural protein NSP3, SUD-N (Mac2) domain superfamily, betacoronavirus / Betacoronavirus SUD-C domain / Betacoronavirus replicase NSP3, N-terminal / NSP1 globular domain superfamily, betacoronavirus / Non-structural protein 2, SARS-CoV-like / Coronavirus Nsp6 transmembrane protein profile. / Coronavirus Nsp4 ectodomain (4Ecto) profile. / Betacoronavirus single-stranded poly(A) binding domain / Betacoronavirus Nsp3c-M domain profile. / NSP1, globular domain, betacoronavirus / Non-structural protein NSP3, SUD-M domain, betacoronavirus / Non-structural protein NSP3, SUD-M domain superfamily, betacoronavirus / Betacoronavirus replicase NSP1 / NSP1, C-terminal domain, betacoronavirus / Betacoronavirus (BetaCoV) Nsp1 C-terminal domain profile. / : / Betacoronavirus Nsp3e group 2-specific marker (G2M) domain profile. / Betacoronavirus Nsp3c-C domain profile. / Betacoronavirus Nsp3e nucleic acid-binding (NAB) domain profile. / DPUP/SUD, C-terminal, betacoronavirus / Non-structural protein NSP3, nucleic acid-binding domain, betacoronavirus / Non-structural protein NSP3A domain-like superfamily / Non-structural protein NSP3, nucleic acid-binding domain superfamily, betacoronavirus / Non-structural protein 6, betacoronavirus / Betacoronavirus nucleic acid-binding (NAB) / Papain-like viral protease, palm and finger domains, coronavirus / Papain-like protease, N-terminal domain superfamily, coronavirus / Carbamoyl-phosphate synthase subdomain signature 2. / Coronavirus replicase NSP2, N-terminal / : / Coronavirus (CoV) Nsp2 middle domain profile. / NSP1, globular domain, alpha/betacoronavirus / Coronavirus (CoV) Nsp1 globular domain profile. / Coronavirus (CoV) Nsp2 N-terminal domain profile. / Coronavirus (CoV) Nsp2 C-terminal domain profile. / Nonstructural protein 2, N-terminal domain, coronavirus / Non-structural protein 2, C-terminal domain, coronavirus / NSP3, second ubiquitin-like (Ubl) domain, coronavirus / Coronavirus Nsp3a Ubl domain profile. / Coronavirus Nsp3d Ubl domain profile. / NSP3, first ubiquitin-like (Ubl) domain, coronavirus / Peptidase family C16 domain profile. / : / : / Coronavirus Nsp3 ectodomain (3Ecto) profile. / Coronavirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) Nsp7 cofactor domain profile.
Similarity search - Domain/homology
: / Replicase polyprotein 1ab
Similarity search - Component
Biological speciesSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
MethodX-RAY DIFFRACTION / SYNCHROTRON / MOLECULAR REPLACEMENT / molecular replacement / Resolution: 1 Å
AuthorsCorrey, G.J. / Fraser, J.S.
Funding support United States, 2items
OrganizationGrant numberCountry
National Institutes of Health/National Institute Of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIH/NIAID)U19AI171110 United States
National Institutes of Health/Office of the DirectorAY1AX000035 United States
CitationJournal: Nature / Year: 2026
Title: Development of a random background to understand ligand optimization.
Authors: Xinyu Xu / Olivier Mailhot / Galen J Correy / Xi-Ping Huang / Joao M Braz / Da Shi / Karthik Srinivasan / Kara Zielinski / Yuliia Holota / Yuliia Kuziv / Christos Iliopoulos-Tsoutsouvas / ...Authors: Xinyu Xu / Olivier Mailhot / Galen J Correy / Xi-Ping Huang / Joao M Braz / Da Shi / Karthik Srinivasan / Kara Zielinski / Yuliia Holota / Yuliia Kuziv / Christos Iliopoulos-Tsoutsouvas / Nathan D Levinzon / Yagmur U Doruk / Moira M Rachman / Morgan E Diolaiti / Maisie G V Stevens / Fangyu Liu / Katie L Holland / Harald Hübner / Jing Wang / Yujin Wu / Alan Ashworth / Alexandros Makriyannis / Yuqi Zhang / Yurii S Moroz / Peter Gmeiner / Robert Abel / Aashish Manglik / Allan I Basbaum / Bryan L Roth / James S Fraser / Brian K Shoichet /
Abstract: Ligand optimization is central to drug discovery, with hundreds of analogues often designed and synthesized between an initial hit and a therapeutic candidate. The efficiency of this process is ...Ligand optimization is central to drug discovery, with hundreds of analogues often designed and synthesized between an initial hit and a therapeutic candidate. The efficiency of this process is unclear, partly because there is no random background for optimization to compare against. Such a random background might emerge from systematic random small substitutions across starting ligands, measuring the likelihood of achieving a substantial improvement in affinity or potency, or other property by any single perturbation. Recent literature has suggested that perhaps 10% of analogues with minor modifications improve upon the potency of a parent by tenfold or more, but this number is clouded by reporting bias, intentional improvement and inter-group variability. To begin to establish a background expectation for ligand optimization, here we systematically modified 18 lead molecules across six targets with single-atom changes; 257 compounds were synthesized. Unexpectedly, 11.3% of these random small perturbation analogues improved potency by tenfold or more. Conversely, they typically had worse in vitro pharmacokinetics. Although it was possible to find analogues where the potency increase compensated for inferior exposure and half-life, resulting in more potent compounds in vivo, overall, a frustrated landscape for ligand optimization is revealed. This study begins to establish a background expectation for ligand potency optimization and offers a simple strategy to do so. It also begins to quantify the challenges confronting the field in moving beyond in vitro potency.
History
DepositionJul 22, 2025Deposition site: RCSB / Processing site: RCSB
Revision 1.0Sep 17, 2025Provider: repository / Type: Initial release
Revision 1.1Sep 23, 2026Group: Database references / Category: citation / citation_author
Item: _citation.country / _citation.journal_abbrev ..._citation.country / _citation.journal_abbrev / _citation.journal_id_ASTM / _citation.journal_id_CSD / _citation.journal_id_ISSN / _citation.pdbx_database_id_DOI / _citation.title / _citation.year
Revision 1.2Sep 30, 2026Group: Database references / Category: citation / citation_author
Item: _citation.pdbx_database_id_PubMed / _citation.title ..._citation.pdbx_database_id_PubMed / _citation.title / _citation_author.identifier_ORCID / _citation_author.name

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Structure visualization

Structure viewerMolecule:
MolmilJmol/JSmol

Downloads & links

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Assembly

Deposited unit
A: Non-structural protein 3
B: Non-structural protein 3
hetero molecules


Theoretical massNumber of molelcules
Total (without water)36,7804
Polymers36,3582
Non-polymers4232
Water7,764431
1
A: Non-structural protein 3
hetero molecules


Theoretical massNumber of molelcules
Total (without water)18,6023
Polymers18,1791
Non-polymers4232
Water181
TypeNameSymmetry operationNumber
identity operation1_555x,y,z1
2
B: Non-structural protein 3


Theoretical massNumber of molelcules
Total (without water)18,1791
Polymers18,1791
Non-polymers00
Water181
TypeNameSymmetry operationNumber
identity operation1_555x,y,z1
Unit cell
Length a, b, c (Å)88.765, 88.765, 39.398
Angle α, β, γ (deg.)90.000, 90.000, 90.000
Int Tables number78
Space group name H-MP43

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Components

#1: Protein Non-structural protein 3 / nsp3 / PL2-PRO / Papain-like protease / Papain-like proteinase / PL-PRO


Mass: 18178.766 Da / Num. of mol.: 2
Source method: isolated from a genetically manipulated source
Details: HIS6 purification tag and linker (MHHHHHHSSGVDLGTENLYFQ) cleaved with TEV protease
Source: (gene. exp.) Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
Gene: rep, 1a-1b / Plasmid: pET22b(+) / Production host: Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) (bacteria)
References: UniProt: P0DTD1, EC: 3.4.19.121, Hydrolases; Acting on peptide bonds (peptidases); Cysteine endopeptidases
#2: Chemical ChemComp-DMS / DIMETHYL SULFOXIDE


Mass: 78.133 Da / Num. of mol.: 1 / Source method: obtained synthetically / Formula: C2H6OS / Comment: DMSO, precipitant*YM
#3: Chemical ChemComp-A1CKC / (3S)-3-(3-chlorophenyl)-3-[(7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine-4-carbonyl)amino]propanoic acid


Mass: 344.752 Da / Num. of mol.: 1 / Source method: obtained synthetically / Formula: C16H13ClN4O3 / Feature type: SUBJECT OF INVESTIGATION
#4: Water ChemComp-HOH / water


Mass: 18.015 Da / Num. of mol.: 431 / Source method: isolated from a natural source / Formula: H2O
Has ligand of interestY
Has protein modificationN

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Experimental details

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Experiment

ExperimentMethod: X-RAY DIFFRACTION / Number of used crystals: 1

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Sample preparation

CrystalDensity Matthews: 2.14 Å3/Da / Density % sol: 42.47 %
Crystal growTemperature: 292 K / Method: vapor diffusion, hanging drop / pH: 9.5 / Details: 100 mM CHES, 28% PEG 3000

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Data collection

DiffractionMean temperature: 100 K
Diffraction sourceSource: SYNCHROTRON / Site: ALS / Beamline: 8.3.1 / Wavelength: 0.88557 Å
DetectorType: DECTRIS PILATUS3 6M / Detector: PIXEL / Date: Oct 16, 2024
RadiationProtocol: SINGLE WAVELENGTH / Monochromatic (M) / Laue (L): M / Scattering type: x-ray
Radiation wavelengthWavelength: 0.88557 Å / Relative weight: 1
ReflectionResolution: 1→44.38 Å / Num. obs: 164874 / % possible obs: 99.5 % / Redundancy: 6.4 % / Biso Wilson estimate: 12.39 Å2 / CC1/2: 1 / Rmerge(I) obs: 0.039 / Rpim(I) all: 0.017 / Rrim(I) all: 0.043 / Net I/σ(I): 16.6 / Num. measured all: 1053365
Reflection shell

Diffraction-ID: 1

Resolution (Å)Redundancy (%)Rmerge(I) obsNum. measured allNum. unique obsCC1/2Rpim(I) allRrim(I) allNet I/σ(I) obs% possible all
1-1.024.82.3223556674710.3931.1482.6030.691.5
5.48-44.386.90.023747110880.9990.0090.02579.299.7

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Phasing

PhasingMethod: molecular replacement

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Processing

Software
NameVersionClassificationNB
PHENIX1.21.2_5419refinement
Aimless0.8.2data scaling
PDB_EXTRACT3.28data extraction
XDSJan 19, 2025 BUILT=20250430data reduction
PHASER2.8.3phasing
RefinementMethod to determine structure: MOLECULAR REPLACEMENT / Resolution: 1→36.01 Å / SU ML: 0.13 / Cross valid method: THROUGHOUT / σ(F): 1.34 / Phase error: 22.11 / Stereochemistry target values: ML
RfactorNum. reflection% reflection
Rfree0.1766 7937 4.82 %
Rwork0.1557 156703 -
obs0.1567 164640 99.39 %
Solvent computationShrinkage radii: 0.9 Å / VDW probe radii: 1.1 Å / Solvent model: FLAT BULK SOLVENT MODEL
Displacement parametersBiso max: 66.77 Å2 / Biso mean: 19.9249 Å2 / Biso min: 9.13 Å2
Refinement stepCycle: final / Resolution: 1→36.01 Å
ProteinNucleic acidLigandSolventTotal
Num. atoms2542 0 46 431 3019
Biso mean--17.47 30.47 -
Num. residues----336
LS refinement shell

Refine-ID: X-RAY DIFFRACTION / Rfactor Rfree error: 0 / Total num. of bins used: 30

Resolution (Å)Rfactor RfreeNum. reflection RfreeRfactor RworkNum. reflection RworkNum. reflection all% reflection obs (%)
1-1.010.50112470.50474555480286
1.01-1.020.46052180.43095116533498
1.02-1.040.37182550.392252285483100
1.04-1.050.33262770.320351905467100
1.05-1.060.30633220.295551495471100
1.06-1.080.28572520.264452465498100
1.08-1.090.26842560.245452625518100
1.09-1.110.24252510.224852035454100
1.11-1.130.24052730.216752295502100
1.13-1.140.20912500.20552495499100
1.14-1.160.22782690.188352235492100
1.16-1.190.2022650.178952585523100
1.19-1.210.19492820.164651415423100
1.21-1.230.19552260.160553455571100
1.23-1.260.1782600.150951805440100
1.26-1.290.16232760.142252445520100
1.29-1.320.16672830.140252005483100
1.32-1.360.1562800.135852695549100
1.36-1.40.15692450.13152555500100
1.4-1.440.14962690.132752105479100
1.44-1.490.14982450.13252835528100
1.49-1.550.14512830.123252145497100
1.55-1.620.14412660.122452975563100
1.62-1.710.14682570.128452745531100
1.71-1.820.14492510.132352575508100
1.82-1.960.14682810.138352635544100
1.96-2.150.14922870.140252845571100
2.15-2.470.15662920.141352815573100
2.47-3.110.19312540.152153215575100
3.11-36.010.18092650.156254775742100

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