Journal: Nature / Year: 2026 Title: Engineered TYK2 dependence enables myeloid-selective IL-10 receptor agonism. Authors: D Alejandro Canaria / Trang T T Nguyen / Huang Huang / Hui Xu / Lili Yue / Yongyao Fu / Hoa Truong / Kerul Patel / Weimei Xing / Jayamary Divya Ravichandar / Cong Xing / Aron L Martin / ...Authors: D Alejandro Canaria / Trang T T Nguyen / Huang Huang / Hui Xu / Lili Yue / Yongyao Fu / Hoa Truong / Kerul Patel / Weimei Xing / Jayamary Divya Ravichandar / Cong Xing / Aron L Martin / George Delidakis / Sylvia Wong / Andrew Pae / Yu Yu / Ramsay Macdonald / Zhiyu Huang / Meagan C Main / Amanali Rodriguez / Xiaoli Lin / Maria L Mouchess / Magdeleine Hung / Ellen M McGlinchey / Lei Chen / Nicole Schirle Oakdale / Brian Carr / Megan L Koleske / Chingwei V Lee / Chen Chen / Tangsheng Yi / Abstract: Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a central anti-inflammatory cytokine that suppresses immune responses in myeloid cells but can also activate T cells, limiting its therapeutic use in chronic inflammatory ...Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a central anti-inflammatory cytokine that suppresses immune responses in myeloid cells but can also activate T cells, limiting its therapeutic use in chronic inflammatory diseases owing to narrow efficacy windows and dose-limiting toxicities. Here we show that myeloid and T cells differ in their dependence on JAK-family kinase pairing for IL-10 signalling and function. We took advantage of this differential kinase dependence to engineer a tetravalent nanobody-based myeloid-selective IL-10 receptor agonist (msIL-10R agonist) that fully recapitulates IL-10's potent suppression of monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells while avoiding stimulation of T cells. Cryo-electron microscopy structural analysis reveals a distinct receptor cross-linking geometry of the msIL-10R agonist compared with native IL-10 family cytokines. This tetravalent architecture renders signalling strictly TYK2-dependent and highly sensitive to IL-10Rα and IL-10Rβ receptor abundance, thereby conferring selective activity in myeloid cells. This msIL-10R agonist reduces inflammation in humanized mouse models of lipopolysaccharide challenge, delayed-type hypersensitivity and colitis. A humanized version exhibits IgG-like pharmacokinetics, sustained receptor occupancy and durable myeloid suppression up to 30 days without T cell activation or haematological toxicities in non-human primates. These findings establish a geometry-based strategy for achieving cell-type-selective cytokine signalling and identify the msIL-10R agonist as a therapeutic candidate for myeloid-driven inflammatory diseases, including inflammatory bowel diseases.
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