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Open data
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Basic information
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| Title | The Structure of ApoB100 from Human Low-Density Lipoprotein | |||||||||
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Keywords | apolipoprotein / LIPID BINDING PROTEIN | |||||||||
| Function / homology | Function and homology informationmature chylomicron / Scavenging by Class H Receptors / triglyceride mobilization / positive regulation of cholesterol storage / VLDL assembly / regulation of cholesterol biosynthetic process / LDL remodeling / Scavenging by Class B Receptors / lipase binding / VLDL clearance ...mature chylomicron / Scavenging by Class H Receptors / triglyceride mobilization / positive regulation of cholesterol storage / VLDL assembly / regulation of cholesterol biosynthetic process / LDL remodeling / Scavenging by Class B Receptors / lipase binding / VLDL clearance / triglyceride catabolic process / very-low-density lipoprotein particle assembly / low-density lipoprotein particle clearance / chylomicron remnant / intermediate-density lipoprotein particle / Chylomicron clearance / Chylomicron remodeling / cellular response to lipoprotein particle stimulus / Chylomicron assembly / LDL clearance / Regulation of TLR by endogenous ligand / positive regulation of lipid storage / chylomicron / lipoprotein catabolic process / flagellated sperm motility / low-density lipoprotein particle / lipoprotein biosynthetic process / cholesterol transfer activity / cholesterol transport / very-low-density lipoprotein particle / low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling / positive regulation of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation / fertilization / cholesterol efflux / artery morphogenesis / Scavenging by Class A Receptors / low-density lipoprotein particle receptor binding / lipoprotein transport / Scavenging by Class F Receptors / Platelet sensitization by LDL / endoplasmic reticulum exit site / smooth endoplasmic reticulum / cholesterol metabolic process / Retinoid metabolism and transport / lipid droplet / endocytic vesicle lumen / lysosomal lumen / cholesterol homeostasis / endosome lumen / post-embryonic development / Cell surface interactions at the vascular wall / Post-translational protein phosphorylation / establishment of localization in cell / clathrin-coated endocytic vesicle membrane / Heme signaling / phospholipid binding / response to virus / Regulation of Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF) transport and uptake by Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Proteins (IGFBPs) / Cargo recognition for clathrin-mediated endocytosis / nervous system development / heparin binding / Clathrin-mediated endocytosis / spermatogenesis / in utero embryonic development / early endosome / endosome membrane / receptor ligand activity / endoplasmic reticulum lumen / neuronal cell body / intracellular membrane-bounded organelle / positive regulation of gene expression / endoplasmic reticulum membrane / extracellular space / extracellular exosome / extracellular region / plasma membrane / cytoplasm / cytosol Similarity search - Function | |||||||||
| Biological species | Homo sapiens (human) | |||||||||
| Method | single particle reconstruction / cryo EM / Resolution: 9.0 Å | |||||||||
Authors | Berndsen ZT / Cassidy CK | |||||||||
| Funding support | 1 items
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Citation | Journal: Nature / Year: 2025Title: The structure of apolipoprotein B100 from human low-density lipoprotein. Authors: Zachary T Berndsen / C Keith Cassidy / ![]() Abstract: Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) has a central role in lipid and cholesterol metabolism and is a key agent in the development and progression of atherosclerosis, the leading cause of mortality worldwide. ...Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) has a central role in lipid and cholesterol metabolism and is a key agent in the development and progression of atherosclerosis, the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Apolipoprotein B100 (apoB100), one of the largest proteins in the genome, is the primary structural and functional component of LDL, yet its size and complex lipid associations have posed major challenges for structural studies. Here we present the structure of apoB100 resolved to subnanometre resolution in most regions using an integrative approach of cryo-electron microscopy, AlphaFold2 and molecular-dynamics-based refinement. The structure consists of a large globular N-terminal domain and an approximately 61-nm-long continuous amphipathic β-sheet that wraps around the LDL particle like a belt. Distributed quasi-symmetrically across the two sides of the β-belt are nine strategically located interstrand inserts that extend across the lipid surface to provide additional structural support through a network of long-range interactions. We further compare our structure to a comprehensive list of more than 200 intramolecular cross-links and find close agreement between the two. These results suggest a mechanism for how the various domains of apoB100 act in concert to maintain LDL shape and cohesion across a range of particle sizes. More generally, they advance our fundamental understanding of LDL synthesis, form and function, and will help to accelerate the design of potential therapeutics. | |||||||||
| History |
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Structure visualization
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Downloads & links
-EMDB archive
| Map data | emd_47801.map.gz | 326.8 MB | EMDB map data format | |
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| Header (meta data) | emd-47801-v30.xml emd-47801.xml | 28.3 KB 28.3 KB | Display Display | EMDB header |
| FSC (resolution estimation) | emd_47801_fsc.xml | 15.1 KB | Display | FSC data file |
| Images | emd_47801.png | 73.6 KB | ||
| Masks | emd_47801_msk_1.map | 347.6 MB | Mask map | |
| Filedesc metadata | emd-47801.cif.gz | 9.6 KB | ||
| Others | emd_47801_additional_1.map.gz emd_47801_additional_2.map.gz emd_47801_half_map_1.map.gz emd_47801_half_map_2.map.gz | 326.9 MB 327.3 MB 323 MB 323 MB | ||
| Archive directory | http://ftp.pdbj.org/pub/emdb/structures/EMD-47801 ftp://ftp.pdbj.org/pub/emdb/structures/EMD-47801 | HTTPS FTP |
-Validation report
| Summary document | emd_47801_validation.pdf.gz | 1 MB | Display | EMDB validaton report |
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| Full document | emd_47801_full_validation.pdf.gz | 1 MB | Display | |
| Data in XML | emd_47801_validation.xml.gz | 23.5 KB | Display | |
| Data in CIF | emd_47801_validation.cif.gz | 30.7 KB | Display | |
| Arichive directory | https://ftp.pdbj.org/pub/emdb/validation_reports/EMD-47801 ftp://ftp.pdbj.org/pub/emdb/validation_reports/EMD-47801 | HTTPS FTP |
-Related structure data
| Related structure data | ![]() 9e9rMC ![]() 9ea7MC ![]() 9eagMC M: atomic model generated by this map C: citing same article ( |
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| Similar structure data | Similarity search - Function & homology F&H Search |
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Links
| EMDB pages | EMDB (EBI/PDBe) / EMDataResource |
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| Related items in Molecule of the Month |
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Map
| File | Download / File: emd_47801.map.gz / Format: CCP4 / Size: 347.6 MB / Type: IMAGE STORED AS FLOATING POINT NUMBER (4 BYTES) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Projections & slices | Image control
Images are generated by Spider. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Voxel size | X=Y=Z: 1.09 Å | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Density |
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| Symmetry | Space group: 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Details | EMDB XML:
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-Supplemental data
-Mask #1
| File | emd_47801_msk_1.map | ||||||||||||
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-Additional map: #1
| File | emd_47801_additional_1.map | ||||||||||||
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-Additional map: local refinement of the apoB100 N-terminal domain
| File | emd_47801_additional_2.map | ||||||||||||
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| Annotation | local refinement of the apoB100 N-terminal domain | ||||||||||||
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-Half map: #2
| File | emd_47801_half_map_1.map | ||||||||||||
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-Half map: #1
| File | emd_47801_half_map_2.map | ||||||||||||
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Sample components
-Entire : apolipoprotein B-100
| Entire | Name: apolipoprotein B-100 |
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| Components |
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-Supramolecule #1: apolipoprotein B-100
| Supramolecule | Name: apolipoprotein B-100 / type: complex / ID: 1 / Parent: 0 / Macromolecule list: all |
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| Source (natural) | Organism: Homo sapiens (human) |
| Molecular weight | Theoretical: 550 kDa/nm |
-Macromolecule #1: Apolipoprotein B 100
| Macromolecule | Name: Apolipoprotein B 100 / type: protein_or_peptide / ID: 1 / Number of copies: 1 / Enantiomer: LEVO |
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| Source (natural) | Organism: Homo sapiens (human) |
| Molecular weight | Theoretical: 516.167469 KDa |
| Recombinant expression | Organism: Homo sapiens (human) |
| Sequence | String: MDPPRPALLA LLALPALLLL LLAGARAEEE MLENVSLVCP KDATRFKHLR KYTYNYEAES SSGVPGTADS RSATRINCKV ELEVPQLCS FILKTSQCTL KEVYGFNPEG KALLKKTKNS EEFAAAMSRY ELKLAIPEGK QVFLYPEKDE PTYILNIKRG I ISALLVPP ...String: MDPPRPALLA LLALPALLLL LLAGARAEEE MLENVSLVCP KDATRFKHLR KYTYNYEAES SSGVPGTADS RSATRINCKV ELEVPQLCS FILKTSQCTL KEVYGFNPEG KALLKKTKNS EEFAAAMSRY ELKLAIPEGK QVFLYPEKDE PTYILNIKRG I ISALLVPP ETEEAKQVLF LDTVYGNCST HFTVKTRKGN VATEISTERD LGQCDRFKPI RTGISPLALI KGMTRPLSTL IS SSQSCQY TLDAKRKHVA EAICKEQHLF LPFSYKNKYG MVAQVTQTLK LEDTPKINSR FFGEGTKKMG LAFESTKSTS PPK QAEAVL KTLQELKKLT ISEQNIQRAN LFNKLVTELR GLSDEAVTSL LPQLIEVSSP ITLQALVQCG QPQCSTHILQ WLKR VHANP LLIDVVTYLV ALIPEPSAQQ LREIFNMARD QRSRATLYAL SHAVNNYHKT NPTGTQELLD IANYLMEQIQ DDCTG DEDY TYLILRVIGN MGQTMEQLTP ELKSSILKCV QSTKPSLMIQ KAAIQALRKM EPKDKDQEVL LQTFLDDASP GDKRLA AYL MLMRSPSQAD INKIVQILPW EQNEQVKNFV ASHIANILNS EELDIQDLKK LVKEALKESQ LPTVMDFRKF SRNYQLY KS VSLPSLDPAS AKIEGNLIFD PNNYLPKESM LKTTLTAFGF ASADLIEIGL EGKGFEPTLE ALFGKQGFFP DSVNKALY W VNGQVPDGVS KVLVDHFGYT KDDKHEQDMV NGIMLSVEKL IKDLKSKEVP EARAYLRILG EELGFASLHD LQLLGKLLL MGARTLQGIP QMIGEVIRKG SKNDFFLHYI FMENAFELPT GAGLQLQISS SGVIAPGAKA GVKLEVANMQ AELVAKPSVS VEFVTNMGI IIPDFARSGV QMNTNFFHES GLEAHVALKA GKLKFIIPSP KRPVKLLSGG NTLHLVSTTK TEVIPPLIEN R QSWSVCKQ VFPGLNYCTS GAYSNASSTD SASYYPLTGD TRLELELRPT GEIEQYSVSA TYELQREDRA LVDTLKFVTQ AE GAKQTEA TMTFKYNRQS MTLSSEVQIP DFDVDLGTIL RVNDESTEGK TSYRLTLDIQ NKKITEVALM GHLSCDTKEE RKI KGVISI PRLQAEARSE ILAHWSPAKL LLQMDSSATA YGSTVSKRVA WHYDEEKIEF EWNTGTNVDT KKMTSNFPVD LSDY PKSLH MYANRLLDHR VPQTDMTFRH VGSKLIVAMS SWLQKASGSL PYTQTLQDHL NSLKEFNLQN MGLPDFHIPE NLFLK SDGR VKYTLNKNSL KIEIPLPFGG KSSRDLKMLE TVRTPALHFK SVGFHLPSRE FQVPTFTIPK LYQLQVPLLG VLDLST NVY SNLYNWSASY SGGNTSTDHF SLRARYHMKA DSVVDLLSYN VQGSGETTYD HKNTFTLSCD GSLRHKFLDS NIKFSHV EK LGNNPVSKGL LIFDASSSWG PQMSASVHLD SKKKQHLFVK EVKIDGQFRV SSFYAKGTYG LSCQRDPNTG RLNGESNL R FNSSYLQGTN QITGRYEDGT LSLTSTSDLQ SGIIKNTASL KYENYELTLK SDTNGKYKNF ATSNKMDMTF SKQNALLRS EYQADYESLR FFSLLSGSLN SHGLELNADI LGTDKINSGA HKATLRIGQD GISTSATTNL KCSLLVLENE LNAELGLSGA SMKLTTNGR FREHNAKFSL DGKAALTELS LGSAYQAMIL GVDSKNIFNF KVSQEGLKLS NDMMGSYAEM KFDHTNSLNI A GLSLDFSS KLDNIYSSDK FYKQTVNLQL QPYSLVTTLN SDLKYNALDL TNNGKLRLEP LKLHVAGNLK GAYQNNEIKH IY AISSAAL SASYKADTVA KVQGVEFSHR LNTDIAGLAS AIDMSTNYNS DSLHFSNVFR SVMAPFTMTI DAHTNGNGKL ALW GEHTGQ LYSKFLLKAE PLAFTFSHDY KGSTSHHLVS RKSISAALEH KVSALLTPAE QTGTWKLKTQ FNNNEYSQDL DAYN TKDKI GVELTGRTLA DLTLLDSPIK VPLLLSEPIN IIDALEMRDA VEKPQEFTIV AFVKYDKNQD VHSINLPFFE TLQEY FERN RQTIIVVLEN VQRNLKHINI DQFVRKYRAA LGKLPQQAND YLNSFNWERQ VSHAKEKLTA LTKKYRITEN DIQIAL DDA KINFNEKLSQ LQTYMIQFDQ YIKDSYDLHD LKIAIANIID EIIEKLKSLD EHYHIRVNLV KTIHDLHLFI ENIDFNK SG SSTASWIQNV DTKYQIRIQI QEKLQQLKRH IQNIDIQHLA GKLKQHIEAI DVRVLLDQLG TTISFERIND ILEHVKHF V INLIGDFEVA EKINAFRAKV HELIERYEVD QQIQVLMDKL VELAHQYKLK ETIQKLSNVL QQVKIKDYFE KLVGFIDDA VKKLNELSFK TFIEDVNKFL DMLIKKLKSF DYHQFVDETN DKIREVTQRL NGEIQALELP QKAEALKLFL EETKATVAVY LESLQDTKI TLIINWLQEA LSSASLAHMK AKFRETLEDT RDRMYQMDIQ QELQRYLSLV GQVYSTLVTY ISDWWTLAAK N LTDFAEQY SIQDWAKRMK ALVEQGFTVP EIKTILGTMP AFEVSLQALQ KATFQTPDFI VPLTDLRIPS VQINFKDLKN IK IPSRFST PEFTILNTFH IPSFTIDFVE MKVKIIRTID QMLNSELQWP VPDIYLRDLK VEDIPLARIT LPDFRLPEIA IPE FIIPTL NLNDFQVPDL HIPEFQLPHI SHTIEVPTFG KLYSILKIQS PLFTLDANAD IGNGTTSANE AGIAASITAK GESK LEVLN FDFQANAQLS NPKINPLALK ESVKFSSKYL RTEHGSEMLF FGNAIEGKSN TVASLHTEKN TLELSNGVIV KINNQ LTLD SNTKYFHKLN IPKLDFSSQA DLRNEIKTLL KAGHIAWTSS GKGSWKWACP RFSDEGTHES QISFTIEGPL TSFGLS NKI NSKHLRVNQN LVYESGSLNF SKLEIQSQVD SQHVGHSVLT AKGMALFGEG KAEFTGRHDA HLNGKVIGTL KNSLFFS AQ PFEITASTNN EGNLKVRFPL RLTGKIDFLN NYALFLSPSA QQASWQVSAR FNQYKYNQNF SAGNNENIME AHVGINGE A NLDFLNIPLT IPEMRLPYTI ITTPPLKDFS LWEKTGLKEF LKTTKQSFDL SVKAQYKKNK HRHSITNPLA VLCEFISQS IKSFDRHFEK NRNNALDFVT KSYNETKIKF DKYKAEKSHD ELPRTFQIPG YTVPVVNVEV SPFTIEMSAF GYVFPKAVSM PSFSILGSD VRVPSYTLIL PSLELPVLHV PRNLKLSLPD FKELCTISHI FIPAMGNITY DFSFKSSVIT LNTNAELFNQ S DIVAHLLS SSSSVIDALQ YKLEGTTRLT RKRGLKLATA LSLSNKFVEG SHNSTVSLTT KNMEVSVATT TKAQIPILRM NF KQELNGN TKSKPTVSSS MEFKYDFNSS MLYSTAKGAV DHKLSLESLT SYFSIESSTK GDVKGSVLSR EYSGTIASEA NTY LNSKST RSSVKLQGTS KIDDIWNLEV KENFAGEATL QRIYSLWEHS TKNHLQLEGL FFTNGEHTSK ATLELSPWQM SALV QVHAS QPSSFHDFPD LGQEVALNAN TKNQKIRWKN EVRIHSGSFQ SQVELSNDQE KAHLDIAGSL EGHLRFLKNI ILPVY DKSL WDFLKLDVTT SIGRRQHLRV STAFVYTKNP NGYSFSIPVK VLADKFIIPG LKLNDLNSVL VMPTFHVPFT DLQVPS CKL DFREIQIYKK LRTSSFALNL PTLPEVKFPE VDVLTKYSQP EDSLIPFFEI TVPESQLTVS QFTLPKSVSD GIAALDL NA VANKIADFEL PTIIVPEQTI EIPSIKFSVP AGIVIPSFQA LTARFEVDSP VYNATWSASL KNKADYVETV LDSTCSST V QFLEYELNVL GTHKIEDGTL ASKTKGTFAH RDFSAEYEED GKYEGLQEWE GKAHLNIKSP AFTDLHLRYQ KDKKGISTS AASPAVGTVG MDMDEDDDFS KWNFYYSPQS SPDKKLTIFK TELRVRESDE ETQIKVNWEE EAASGLLTSL KDNVPKATGV LYDYVNKYH WEHTGLTLRE VSSKLRRNLQ NNAEWVYQGA IRQIDDIDVR FQKAASGTTG TYQEWKDKAQ NLYQELLTQE G QASFQGLK DNVFDGLVRV TQEFHMKVKH LIDSLIDFLN FPRFQFPGKP GIYTREELCT MFIREVGTVL SQVYSKVHNG SE ILFSYFQ DLVITLPFEL RKHKLIDVIS MYRELLKDLS KEAQEVFKAI QSLKTTEVLR NLQDLLQFIF QLIEDNIKQL KEM KFTYLI NYIQDEINTI FSDYIPYVFK LLKENLCLNL HKFNEFIQNE LQEASQELQQ IHQYIMALRE EYFDPSIVGW TVKY YELEE KIVSLIKNLL VALKDFHSEY IVSASNFTSQ LSSQVEQFLH RNIQEYLSIL TDPDGKGKEK IAELSATAQE IIKSQ AIAT KKIISDYHQQ FRYKLQDFSD QLSDYYEKFI AESKRLIDLS IQNYHTFLIY ITELLKKLQS TTVMNPYMKL APGELT IIL UniProtKB: Apolipoprotein B-100 |
-Experimental details
-Structure determination
| Method | cryo EM |
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Processing | single particle reconstruction |
| Aggregation state | particle |
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Sample preparation
| Concentration | 2 mg/mL |
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| Buffer | pH: 7.4 |
| Grid | Model: Quantifoil R1.2/1.3 / Material: COPPER / Mesh: 300 / Pretreatment - Type: GLOW DISCHARGE / Pretreatment - Time: 14 sec. |
| Vitrification | Cryogen name: ETHANE / Chamber humidity: 100 % / Chamber temperature: 277.15 K / Instrument: FEI VITROBOT MARK IV |
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Electron microscopy
| Microscope | TFS KRIOS |
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| Specialist optics | Energy filter - Name: GIF Bioquantum / Energy filter - Slit width: 10 eV |
| Image recording | Film or detector model: GATAN K3 (6k x 4k) / Average electron dose: 50.0 e/Å2 |
| Electron beam | Acceleration voltage: 300 kV / Electron source: FIELD EMISSION GUN |
| Electron optics | C2 aperture diameter: 70.0 µm / Illumination mode: SPOT SCAN / Imaging mode: BRIGHT FIELD / Cs: 2.7 mm / Nominal defocus max: 2.8000000000000003 µm / Nominal defocus min: 0.8 µm |
| Sample stage | Specimen holder model: FEI TITAN KRIOS AUTOGRID HOLDER / Cooling holder cryogen: NITROGEN |
| Experimental equipment | ![]() Model: Titan Krios / Image courtesy: FEI Company |
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Image processing
-Atomic model buiding 1
| Initial model | Chain - Source name: AlphaFold / Chain - Initial model type: in silico model |
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| Details | The Molecular Dynamics Flexible Fitting protocol was applied using NAMD 3.0 |
| Refinement | Space: REAL / Protocol: FLEXIBLE FIT / Target criteria: cross-correlation coefficient |
| Output model | ![]() PDB-9e9r: ![]() PDB-9ea7: ![]() PDB-9eag: |
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Keywords
Homo sapiens (human)
Authors
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FIELD EMISSION GUN

