Journal: Nat Chem / Year: 2023 Title: Atomistic simulations of the Escherichia coli ribosome provide selection criteria for translationally active substrates. Authors: Zoe L Watson / Isaac J Knudson / Fred R Ward / Scott J Miller / Jamie H D Cate / Alanna Schepartz / Ara M Abramyan / Abstract: As genetic code expansion advances beyond L-α-amino acids to backbone modifications and new polymerization chemistries, delineating what substrates the ribosome can accommodate remains a challenge. ...As genetic code expansion advances beyond L-α-amino acids to backbone modifications and new polymerization chemistries, delineating what substrates the ribosome can accommodate remains a challenge. The Escherichia coli ribosome tolerates non-L-α-amino acids in vitro, but few structural insights that explain how are available, and the boundary conditions for efficient bond formation are so far unknown. Here we determine a high-resolution cryogenic electron microscopy structure of the E. coli ribosome containing α-amino acid monomers and use metadynamics simulations to define energy surface minima and understand incorporation efficiencies. Reactive monomers across diverse structural classes favour a conformational space where the aminoacyl-tRNA nucleophile is <4 Å from the peptidyl-tRNA carbonyl with a Bürgi-Dunitz angle of 76-115°. Monomers with free energy minima that fall outside this conformational space do not react efficiently. This insight should accelerate the in vivo and in vitro ribosomal synthesis of sequence-defined, non-peptide heterooligomers.
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