regulation of cilium beat frequency / regulation of cilium movement / axonemal dynein complex assembly / inner dynein arm / axonemal dynein complex / outer dynein arm / outer dynein arm assembly / cilium-dependent cell motility / condensin complex / inner dynein arm assembly ...regulation of cilium beat frequency / regulation of cilium movement / axonemal dynein complex assembly / inner dynein arm / axonemal dynein complex / outer dynein arm / outer dynein arm assembly / cilium-dependent cell motility / condensin complex / inner dynein arm assembly / cilium movement involved in cell motility / axoneme assembly / dynein light chain binding / cilium movement / dynein heavy chain binding / axonemal microtubule / cilium organization / ciliary tip / ciliary rootlet / dynein axonemal particle / cell projection organization / mitotic chromosome condensation / ciliary plasm / dynein complex / myosin II complex / minus-end-directed microtubule motor activity / nucleocytoplasmic transport / dynein light intermediate chain binding / cytoplasmic dynein complex / motile cilium / microtubule-based movement / cyclosporin A binding / dynein intermediate chain binding / mitotic cytokinesis / cilium assembly / axoneme / mRNA transport / alpha-tubulin binding / microtubule-based process / beta-tubulin binding / cytoplasmic microtubule / condensed chromosome / Hsp70 protein binding / GTPase activator activity / mitotic spindle organization / meiotic cell cycle / cell projection / peptidylprolyl isomerase / peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase activity / cell motility / Hsp90 protein binding / structural constituent of cytoskeleton / small GTPase binding / kinase activity / mitotic spindle / protein folding / protein transport / microtubule binding / microtubule / cytoskeleton / calmodulin binding / cilium / ciliary basal body / hydrolase activity / ribosome / GTPase activity / calcium ion binding / chromatin binding / centrosome / chromatin / GTP binding / perinuclear region of cytoplasm / Golgi apparatus / ATP hydrolysis activity / zinc ion binding / ATP binding / metal ion binding / nucleus / membrane / cytosol / cytoplasm Similarity search - Function
Zinc finger C2HC domain-containing protein / Protein of unknown function DUF5578 / : / zinc-finger of a C2HC-type / Family of unknown function (DUF5578) / Zinc finger C2HC/C3H-type profile. / Cilia- and flagella-associated protein 206 / : / : / CFAP43, WD40 domain ...Zinc finger C2HC domain-containing protein / Protein of unknown function DUF5578 / : / zinc-finger of a C2HC-type / Family of unknown function (DUF5578) / Zinc finger C2HC/C3H-type profile. / Cilia- and flagella-associated protein 206 / : / : / CFAP43, WD40 domain / CFAP43 N-terminal domain / : / Cfap43 coiled coil / Cilia- and flagella-associated protein 97 / Uncharacterized 22kDa protein in aldolase locus / Dynein-f, intermediate chain IC97/Dnai7-like / Domain of unknown function DUF4200 / IC97/Casc1, N-terminal / : / : / Domain of unknown function (DUF4200) / Cancer susceptibility candidate 1 N-terminus / CFAP58 central coiled coil / Dynein regulatory complex protein 1, C-terminal / : / : / : / Sperm tail C-terminal domain / CEP76 peptidase-like domain / Axonemal dynein light chain / Hemingway/CFA97 / Dynein regulatory complex subunit 7 / Dynein regulatory complex protein 10 / : / : / : / : / Axonemal dynein light chain / Hemingway/CFA97 / Dynein regulatory complex subunit 7 MORN domain / Dynein regulatory complex subunit 7 C-terminal / IQUB-like domain / Domain of unknown function DUF4201 / Coiled-coil domain-containing protein 39 / Coiled-coil domain-containing protein 40 / Dynein regulatory complex protein 9 / : / : / CCDC113/CCDC96, coiled-coil / Coiled-coil domain-containing protein 39 / IQ and ubiquitin-like domain-containing protein / : / Echinoderm microtubule-associated protein first beta-propeller / Growth arrest-specific protein 8 domain / Cilia- and flagella-associated protein 91 / CCDC81, HU domain 1 / Protein of unknown function DUF4586 / CFAP91 domain / Outer dynein arm-docking complex subunit 3 / Growth arrest-specific protein 8 / Dynein regulatory complex protein 1/2, N-terminal / Dynein regulatory complex protein / CCDC81, HU domain 2 / : / Growth-arrest specific micro-tubule binding / Cilia- and flagella-associated protein 91 / Sperm tail / CCDC81 eukaryotic HU domain 1 / Cilia-and flagella-associated protein 96 / CCDC81 eukaryotic HU domain 2 / : / : / Radial spoke 3 / Sperm-tail PG-rich repeat / : / Radial spoke protein 3 / Sperm-tail PG-rich repeat / : / : / : / : / ODAD1 central coiled coil region / BRE1 E3 ubiquitin ligase / : / EFHB C-terminal EF-hand domain / : / Nucleoside diphosphate kinase 7 N-terminal PH domain / Meiosis-specific nuclear structural protein 1 / : / Cilia- and flagella-associated protein 45 / NDPK7, second NDPk domain / Cilia- and flagella- associated protein 210 / CFAP53/TCHP / Trichohyalin-plectin-homology domain / Trichohyalin-plectin-homology domain / RIB43A / RIB43A / DM10 domain / EF-hand domain-containing protein EFHC1/EFHC2/EFHB / DM10 domain Similarity search - Domain/homology
ADENOSINE-5'-TRIPHOSPHATE / GUANOSINE-5'-DIPHOSPHATE / GUANOSINE-5'-TRIPHOSPHATE / STOP family protein / Enkurin domain-containing protein / Cilia- and flagella-associated protein 58 central coiled coil domain-containing protein / Uncharacterized protein / Kinesin / Leucine-rich repeat protein / Dynein light chain ...ADENOSINE-5'-TRIPHOSPHATE / GUANOSINE-5'-DIPHOSPHATE / GUANOSINE-5'-TRIPHOSPHATE / STOP family protein / Enkurin domain-containing protein / Cilia- and flagella-associated protein 58 central coiled coil domain-containing protein / Uncharacterized protein / Kinesin / Leucine-rich repeat protein / Dynein light chain / Dynein-light chain-protein, putative / EF-hand domain-containing protein / Leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 51 / Leucine-rich repeat protein / Actin / Uncharacterized protein / Leucine-rich repeat protein / EF-hand domain-containing family member C2 / Centrin, putative / Cilia- and flagella-associated protein 45 / Leucine-rich repeat protein / Tubulin alpha chain / Dynein heavy chain, putative / AAA+ ATPase domain-containing protein / Dynein heavy chain, putative / Uncharacterized protein / HMG box domain-containing protein / DUF4200 domain-containing protein / EF-hand domain-containing protein / EF-hand domain-containing protein / Outer arm dynein-like protein / Uncharacterized protein / Trichohyalin-plectin-homology domain-containing protein / Uncharacterized protein / Actin-like protein, putative / Uncharacterized protein / Guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-like protein / Dynein light chain / Cilia- and flagella-associated protein 206 / Cyclophilin, putative / Cilia- and flagella-associated protein 263 / Uncharacterized protein / CCDC113/CCDC96 coiled-coil domain-containing protein / Axonemal dynein intermediate chain protein / Transglutaminase-like domain-containing protein / Dynein light chain roadblock / Calcyphosin / Uncharacterized protein / Enkurin domain-containing protein / Leucine-rich repeat protein / CFA20 domain-containing protein / Cilia-and flagella-associated protein 96 / Flagellar protofilament ribbon protein-like protein / Calmodulin / Cilia- and flagella-associated protein 53 / EF-hand domain-containing protein / Dynein heavy chain, putative / Enkurin domain-containing protein / Dynein light chain / peptidylprolyl isomerase / Guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-like protein / Dynein arm light chain, putative / Tudor domain-containing protein / Dynein heavy chain, putative / Uncharacterized protein / Dynein intermediate-chain-like protein / Dynein axonemal light chain 1 / Dynein regulatory complex protein 10 / Actin-like protein, putative / Dynein heavy chain, putative / Tetratricopeptide repeat protein 29 / DM10 domain-containing protein / Cilia- and flagella-associated protein 251 / Dynein regulatory complex subunit 2 / Enkurin domain-containing protein / Uncharacterized protein / Uncharacterized protein / Leucine-rich repeat protein / Cilia- and flagella-associated protein 52 / Guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-like protein / Dynein arm light chain, putative / Dynein heavy chain, putative / Leucine-rich repeat protein / Dynein light chain / Uncharacterized protein / Uncharacterized protein / Ribonuclease inhibitor-like protein / Uncharacterized protein / Ubiquitin-like domain-containing protein / Uncharacterized protein / Uncharacterized protein / Coiled-coil domain-containing protein 39 / Uncharacterized protein / Cilia- and flagella-associated protein 43 / Dynein regulatory complex subunit 3 / Uncharacterized protein / Uncharacterized protein / Dynein, putative / EF-hand domain-containing family member C2 / DUF4200 domain-containing protein Similarity search - Component
National Institutes of Health/National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIH/NIGMS)
R01GM141109
United States
National Institutes of Health/National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIH/NIGMS)
R01GM143183
United States
National Science Foundation (NSF, United States)
MCB-2434879
United States
Citation
Journal: bioRxiv / Year: 2025 Title: Axonemal dynein contributions to flagellar beat types and waveforms. Authors: Sophia Fochler / Matthew H Doran / Tom Beneke / James Smith / Cecile Fort / Benjamin J Walker / Alan Brown / Eva Gluenz / Richard J Wheeler / Abstract: Eukaryotic flagella, or motile cilia, are iconic molecular machines whose beating drives cell propulsion and fluid transport across diverse organisms. Beat type and waveform are tailored to function, ...Eukaryotic flagella, or motile cilia, are iconic molecular machines whose beating drives cell propulsion and fluid transport across diverse organisms. Beat type and waveform are tailored to function, differing between species and cell types, and individual flagella can switch between beat types. Aberrant beating causes ciliopathies and infertility in humans and prevents unicellular parasite transmission. Eight distinct dynein motor protein complexes bind to axonemal doublet microtubules (DMTs) within flagella and drive beating, yet despite extensive structural analysis, how this machinery achieves different beat types is unknown. Here, using the flagellate unicellular parasite , we show a division of labour where specific dyneins drive specific beat types. Using cryo-EM, we determined the structure of the 96-nm repeat unit of the DMT and identified its dynein composition. We used CRISPR-Cas9 to systematically delete all 96-nm repeat proteins, comprehensively mapping necessity for swimming, and determined the contribution of each dynein to incidence and waveform of the preferred beat types. Outer dynein arms (ODAs) were required for symmetric tip-to-base beats, specific single-headed inner dynein arms (IDAs) were important for asymmetric base-to-tip beats (IDA), and double-headed IDA important for both. This systematic analysis indicates that the prevailing dogma that ODAs drive and IDAs shape the beat is either incomplete or not universal, and establishes new hypotheses for how different species, cell types and individual flagella achieve their necessary beat types.
History
Deposition
Sep 9, 2025
Deposition site: RCSB / Processing site: RCSB
Revision 1.0
Dec 17, 2025
Provider: repository / Type: Initial release
Revision 1.0
Dec 17, 2025
Data content type: EM metadata / Data content type: EM metadata / Provider: repository / Type: Initial release
Revision 1.0
Dec 17, 2025
Data content type: Image / Data content type: Image / Provider: repository / Type: Initial release
Revision 1.0
Dec 17, 2025
Data content type: Primary map / Data content type: Primary map / Provider: repository / Type: Initial release
Data content type: EM metadata / Data content type: EM metadata / EM metadata / Group: Database references / Experimental summary / Data content type: EM metadata / EM metadata / Category: citation / em_admin / Data content type: EM metadata / EM metadata / EM metadata Item: _citation.pdbx_database_id_PubMed / _citation.title / _em_admin.last_update