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- PDB-9dw1: Human mitochondrial ClpP protease -

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Basic information

Entry
Database: PDB / ID: 9dw1
TitleHuman mitochondrial ClpP protease
ComponentsATP-dependent Clp protease proteolytic subunit, mitochondrial
KeywordsSTRUCTURAL PROTEIN / Mitochondrial protein / serine protease
Function / homology
Function and homology information


membrane protein proteolysis / mitochondrial protein catabolic process / endopeptidase Clp / endopeptidase Clp complex / ATP-dependent peptidase activity / protein quality control for misfolded or incompletely synthesized proteins / Mitochondrial protein degradation / : / peptidase activity / ATPase binding ...membrane protein proteolysis / mitochondrial protein catabolic process / endopeptidase Clp / endopeptidase Clp complex / ATP-dependent peptidase activity / protein quality control for misfolded or incompletely synthesized proteins / Mitochondrial protein degradation / : / peptidase activity / ATPase binding / endopeptidase activity / mitochondrial matrix / serine-type endopeptidase activity / mitochondrion / proteolysis / identical protein binding
Similarity search - Function
ClpP, Ser active site / Endopeptidase Clp serine active site. / ClpP, histidine active site / Endopeptidase Clp histidine active site. / ATP-dependent Clp protease proteolytic subunit / Clp protease proteolytic subunit /Translocation-enhancing protein TepA / Clp protease / ClpP/crotonase-like domain superfamily
Similarity search - Domain/homology
ATP-dependent Clp protease proteolytic subunit, mitochondrial
Similarity search - Component
Biological speciesHomo sapiens (human)
MethodELECTRON MICROSCOPY / single particle reconstruction / cryo EM / Resolution: 3.4 Å
AuthorsChen, W.C.
Funding support United States, 3items
OrganizationGrant numberCountry
National Science Foundation (NSF, United States) United States
National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NIH/NINDS)NS095892 United States
National Institutes of Health/National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIH/NIGMS)S10OD032467 United States
CitationJournal: Nat Commun / Year: 2026
Title: Cryo-EM structures of human ClpXP reveal mechanisms of assembly and proteolytic activation.
Authors: Wenqian Chen / Gabriel C Lander / Jie Yang /
Abstract: The human ClpXP complex (hClpXP) orchestrates mitochondrial protein quality control through targeted degradation of misfolded and unnecessary proteins. While bacterial ClpXP systems are well ...The human ClpXP complex (hClpXP) orchestrates mitochondrial protein quality control through targeted degradation of misfolded and unnecessary proteins. While bacterial ClpXP systems are well characterized, the assembly and regulation of human ClpXP remain poorly understood. In this study, we elucidate the complete assembly pathway of hClpXP through high-resolution cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures. Our findings confirm that hClpP exists as a single-ring heptamer in isolation and reveal a previously undocumented initial assembly complex in which hexameric hClpX first engages with heptameric hClpP. We further demonstrate how this interaction drives substantial conformational rearrangements that facilitate the formation of tetradecameric hClpP within the fully assembled complex. Notably, we characterize a unique eukaryotic sequence in hClpX, termed the E-loop, which plays a critical role in stabilizing hexamer assembly and maintaining ATPase activity. Additionally, we show that peptide binding at the hClpP active site triggers further structural changes essential for achieving full proteolytic competence. Together, these structures provide unprecedented mechanistic insights into the stepwise assembly and activation of hClpXP, significantly advancing our understanding of this essential mitochondrial protein degradation machinery.
History
DepositionOct 8, 2024Deposition site: RCSB / Processing site: RCSB
Revision 1.0Oct 15, 2025Provider: repository / Type: Initial release
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Structure visualization

Structure viewerMolecule:
MolmilJmol/JSmol

Downloads & links

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Assembly

Deposited unit
H: ATP-dependent Clp protease proteolytic subunit, mitochondrial
I: ATP-dependent Clp protease proteolytic subunit, mitochondrial
J: ATP-dependent Clp protease proteolytic subunit, mitochondrial
K: ATP-dependent Clp protease proteolytic subunit, mitochondrial
L: ATP-dependent Clp protease proteolytic subunit, mitochondrial
M: ATP-dependent Clp protease proteolytic subunit, mitochondrial
N: ATP-dependent Clp protease proteolytic subunit, mitochondrial


Theoretical massNumber of molelcules
Total (without water)168,6507
Polymers168,6507
Non-polymers00
Water00
1


  • Idetical with deposited unit
  • defined by author
  • Evidence: electron microscopy, not applicable
TypeNameSymmetry operationNumber
identity operation1_5551

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Components

#1: Protein
ATP-dependent Clp protease proteolytic subunit, mitochondrial / Endopeptidase Clp


Mass: 24092.797 Da / Num. of mol.: 7
Source method: isolated from a genetically manipulated source
Source: (gene. exp.) Homo sapiens (human) / Gene: CLPP / Production host: Escherichia coli (E. coli) / References: UniProt: Q16740, endopeptidase Clp
Has protein modificationN

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Experimental details

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Experiment

ExperimentMethod: ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
EM experimentAggregation state: PARTICLE / 3D reconstruction method: single particle reconstruction

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Sample preparation

ComponentName: Human apo ClpP / Type: COMPLEX / Entity ID: all / Source: RECOMBINANT
Molecular weightValue: 0.17 MDa / Experimental value: YES
Source (natural)Organism: Homo sapiens (human)
Source (recombinant)Organism: Escherichia coli (E. coli)
Buffer solutionpH: 7.5
Buffer component
IDConc.NameFormulaBuffer-ID
125 mMHEPES1
2150 mMsodium chlorideNaCl1
35 %glycerol1
42 mMDithiothreitol1
SpecimenConc.: 15 mg/ml / Embedding applied: NO / Shadowing applied: NO / Staining applied: NO / Vitrification applied: YES
Specimen supportGrid material: GOLD / Grid mesh size: 300 divisions/in. / Grid type: Quantifoil R1.2/1.3
VitrificationCryogen name: ETHANE / Humidity: 90 %
Details: The sample was prepared using manual blot-and-plunge freezing method in cold room (4 celsius)

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Electron microscopy imaging

Experimental equipment
Model: Talos Arctica / Image courtesy: FEI Company
MicroscopyModel: FEI TALOS ARCTICA
Electron gunElectron source: FIELD EMISSION GUN / Accelerating voltage: 200 kV / Illumination mode: FLOOD BEAM
Electron lensMode: BRIGHT FIELD / Nominal magnification: 150000 X / Calibrated magnification: 53191 X / Nominal defocus max: 3500 nm / Nominal defocus min: 300 nm / Cs: 2.7 mm / C2 aperture diameter: 50 µm / Alignment procedure: BASIC
Specimen holderCryogen: NITROGEN / Specimen holder model: FEI TITAN KRIOS AUTOGRID HOLDER
Image recordingAverage exposure time: 6.8 sec. / Electron dose: 50 e/Å2 / Detector mode: COUNTING / Film or detector model: GATAN K2 SUMMIT (4k x 4k) / Num. of grids imaged: 1 / Num. of real images: 14989
Image scansSampling size: 5 µm / Width: 3838 / Height: 3710 / Movie frames/image: 50

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Processing

EM softwareName: PHENIX / Version: 1.21_5207 / Category: model refinement
CTF correctionType: PHASE FLIPPING AND AMPLITUDE CORRECTION
Particle selectionNum. of particles selected: 2681425
3D reconstructionResolution: 3.4 Å / Resolution method: FSC 0.143 CUT-OFF / Num. of particles: 372966 / Symmetry type: POINT
Atomic model buildingProtocol: RIGID BODY FIT / Space: REAL
Atomic model buildingPDB-ID: 9DW1

Accession code: 9DW1 / Source name: PDB / Type: experimental model

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