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TitleMolecular basis for methylation-sensitive editing by Cas9.
Journal, issue, pagesNature, Vol. 653, Issue 8116, Page 1229-1239, Year 2026
Publish dateApr 15, 2026
AuthorsMitchell O Roth / Yuerong Shu / Yu Zhao / Despoina Trasanidou / Renee D Hoffman / Christian Südfeld / Eugenios Bouzetos / Nikolaos Trasanidis / Michael Zawrotny / Mary K Gelasco / Megan L Medina / Anuska Das / Jay Rai / Hemant N Goswami / Bing Wang / John van der Oost / Hong Li /
PubMed AbstractThe bacterial CRISPR-Cas9 (Cas9) nuclease has become a powerful genome manipulation tool for a wide range of organisms. However, it has yet to fully leverage the pervasive presence of DNA methylation ...The bacterial CRISPR-Cas9 (Cas9) nuclease has become a powerful genome manipulation tool for a wide range of organisms. However, it has yet to fully leverage the pervasive presence of DNA methylation in genomes. Here, to fill this gap, we report biochemical, structural and human genome-editing characterizations of a methylation-sensitive Cas9 (ThermoCas9). ThermoCas9 efficiently binds to and cleaves DNA upstream of its protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) 5'-NNNNCGA-3' or 5'-NNNNCCA-3' in vitro. Methylation of the fifth cytosine in either PAM sequence (CpG or CpC), however, significantly inhibits ThermoCas9 activity. Cryo-electron microscopy structures of ThermoCas9 in pre-cleavage and post-cleavage states at 2.8 Å and 2.2 Å resolution, respectively, reveal the molecular basis for the stringent requirement of the unmethylated cytosine in PAM binding and provide guidance for further enzyme engineering. We demonstrate methylation-sensitive editing by ThermoCas9 in human cell lines with distinct DNA methylation landscapes. Moreover, we demonstrate that a catalytically enhanced ThermoCas9 efficiently targets luminal expression signature genes that are consistently hypomethylated in patients with breast cancer. Owing to its sensitivity to DNA methylation, ThermoCas9 can specifically target cells with disease-related hypomethylation, which adds another layer of precision to genome-editing technologies.
External linksNature / PubMed:41986708 / PubMed Central
MethodsEM (single particle)
Resolution2.6 Å
Structure data

44859

9bs6

EMDB-44859, PDB-9bs6:
CryoEM structure of ThermoCas9 in post-cleavage state with a DNA containing NNNNCGA PAM
Method: EM (single particle) / Resolution: 2.6 Å

Chemicals

ChemComp-GTP:
GUANOSINE-5'-TRIPHOSPHATE / GTP, energy-carrying molecule*YM

ChemComp-MG:
Unknown entry

ChemComp-HOH:
WATER

Source
  • geobacillus thermodenitrificans (bacteria)
  • synthetic construct (others)
KeywordsHYDROLASE/DNA/RNA / CRISPR-Cas9 / Cas9 / Epigenetics / endonuclease / HNH / RuvC / metal binding / HYDROLASE-DNA-RNA complex

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