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TitleA syringe-like injection mechanism in Photorhabdus luminescens toxins.
Journal, issue, pagesNature, Vol. 495, Issue 7442, Page 520-523, Year 2013
Publish dateMar 28, 2013
AuthorsChristos Gatsogiannis / Alexander E Lang / Dominic Meusch / Vanda Pfaumann / Oliver Hofnagel / Roland Benz / Klaus Aktories / Stefan Raunser /
PubMed AbstractPhotorhabdus luminescens is an insect pathogenic bacterium that is symbiotic with entomopathogenic nematodes. On invasion of insect larvae, P. luminescens is released from the nematodes and kills ...Photorhabdus luminescens is an insect pathogenic bacterium that is symbiotic with entomopathogenic nematodes. On invasion of insect larvae, P. luminescens is released from the nematodes and kills the insect through the action of a variety of virulence factors including large tripartite ABC-type toxin complexes (Tcs). Tcs are typically composed of TcA, TcB and TcC proteins and are biologically active only when complete. Functioning as ADP-ribosyltransferases, TcC proteins were identified as the actual functional components that induce actin-clustering, defects in phagocytosis and cell death. However, little is known about the translocation of TcC into the cell by the TcA and TcB components. Here we show that TcA in P. luminescens (TcdA1) forms a transmembrane pore and report its structure in the prepore and pore state determined by cryoelectron microscopy. We find that the TcdA1 prepore assembles as a pentamer forming an α-helical, vuvuzela-shaped channel less than 1.5 nanometres in diameter surrounded by a large outer shell. Membrane insertion is triggered not only at low pH as expected, but also at high pH, explaining Tc action directly through the midgut of insects. Comparisons with structures of the TcdA1 pore inserted into a membrane and in complex with TcdB2 and TccC3 reveal large conformational changes during membrane insertion, suggesting a novel syringe-like mechanism of protein translocation. Our results demonstrate how ABC-type toxin complexes bridge a membrane to insert their lethal components into the cytoplasm of the host cell. We believe that the proposed mechanism is characteristic of the whole ABC-type toxin family. This explanation of toxin translocation is a step towards understanding the host-pathogen interaction and the complex life cycle of P. luminescens and other pathogens, including human pathogenic bacteria, and serves as a strong foundation for the development of biopesticides.
External linksNature / PubMed:23515159
MethodsEM (single particle)
Resolution6.3 - 40.0 Å
Structure data

EMDB-2297:
Structure of TcdA1 in prepore state
Method: EM (single particle) / Resolution: 6.3 Å

EMDB-2298:
Structure of TcdA1 pore (TcdA1 reconstituted in liposomes)
Method: EM (single particle) / Resolution: 19.9 Å

EMDB-2299:
Negative stain EM structure of the PTC3 holotoxin complex (TcdA1, TcdB2, TccC3) in prepore state
Method: EM (single particle) / Resolution: 24.6 Å

EMDB-2300:
Negative stain EM structure of the PTC3 holotoxin complex (TcdA1, TcdB2, TccC3) in pore state
Method: EM (single particle) / Resolution: 40.0 Å

EMDB-2301:
Negative stain EM structure of TcdA1 in pore state
Method: EM (single particle) / Resolution: 26.5 Å

Source
  • Photorhabdus luminescens (bacteria)

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