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Structure paper

TitleIn situ structural mechanism of epothilone-B-induced CNS axon regeneration.
Journal, issue, pagesNature, Vol. 648, Issue 8093, Page 477-487, Year 2025
Publish dateNov 12, 2025
AuthorsSatish Bodakuntla / Kenichiro Taira / Yurika Yamada / Pelayo Alvarez-Brecht / A King Cada / Nirakar Basnet / Rui Zhang / Antonio Martinez-Sanchez / Christian Biertümpfel / Naoko Mizuno /
PubMed AbstractAxons in the adult central nervous system (CNS) do not regenerate following injury, in contrast to neurons in the peripheral nervous system and neuronal growth during embryonic development. The ...Axons in the adult central nervous system (CNS) do not regenerate following injury, in contrast to neurons in the peripheral nervous system and neuronal growth during embryonic development. The molecular mechanisms that prevent regeneration of neurons in the CNS remain largely unknown. Here, to address the intracellular response to injury, we developed an in situ cryo-electron tomography and cryo-electron microscopy platform to mimic axonal damage and present the structural mechanism underlying thalamic axon regeneration induced by the drug epothilone B. We observed that stabilized microtubules extend beyond the injury site, generating membrane tension and driving membrane expansion. Cryo-electron microscopy reveals the in situ structure of microtubules at 3.19 Å resolution, which engage epothilone B within the microtubule lattice at the regenerating front. During repair, tubulin clusters are delivered and incorporated into polymerizing microtubules at the regenerating site. These microtubule shoots serve as scaffolds for various types of vesicles and endoplasmic reticulum, facilitating the supply of materials necessary for axon repair until membrane tension normalizes. We demonstrate the unexpected ability of neuronal cells to adjust to strain induced by epothilone B, which creates homeostatic imbalances and activates axons to regeneration mode.
External linksNature / PubMed:41224993 / PubMed Central
MethodsEM (helical sym.) / EM (tomography) / EM (subtomogram averaging)
Resolution3.19 - 27.7 Å
Structure data

71750

9pnd

EMDB-71750, PDB-9pnd:
In situ microtubule of EpoB-induced regenerating axons
Method: EM (helical sym.) / Resolution: 3.19 Å

EMDB-71751: Cryo-ET reconstruction of a regenerating axon after axotomy showing branching microtubules (primary mouse thalamus neuronal explant, control)
Method: EM (tomography)

EMDB-71752: Cryo-ET reconstruction of a regenerating axon after axotomy showing branching microtubules (primary mouse thalamus neuronal explant)
Method: EM (tomography)

EMDB-71753: Cryo-ET reconstruction of a regenerating axon after axotomy showing polymerizing microtubules (primary mouse thalamus neuronal explant)
Method: EM (tomography)

EMDB-71754: Cryo-ET reconstruction of a regenerating axon 24 h after axotomy (primary mouse thalamus neuronal explant)
Method: EM (tomography)

EMDB-71755: Cryo-ET reconstruction of a regenerating axon 24 h after axotomy (primary mouse thalamus neuronal explant)
Method: EM (tomography)

EMDB-71840: Cryo-ET subtomogram averaging of a stress fiber from a regenerating axon
Method: EM (subtomogram averaging) / Resolution: 27.7 Å

Chemicals

ChemComp-MG:
Unknown entry

ChemComp-GDP:
GUANOSINE-5'-DIPHOSPHATE / GDP, energy-carrying molecule*YM

ChemComp-EPB:
7,11-DIHYDROXY-8,8,10,12,16-PENTAMETHYL-3-[1-METHYL-2-(2-METHYL-THIAZOL-4-YL)VINYL]-4,17-DIOXABICYCLO[14.1.0]HEPTADECANE-5,9-DIONE

ChemComp-GTP:
GUANOSINE-5'-TRIPHOSPHATE / GTP, energy-carrying molecule*YM

ChemComp-HOH:
WATER

Source
  • mus musculus (house mouse)
KeywordsSTRUCTURAL PROTEIN / cytoskeleton / microtubules / neuroregeneration / axon

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