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| Title | A clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 virus vaccine that elicits cross-protective antibodies against conserved domains of H5 and N1 glycoproteins. |
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| Journal, issue, pages | bioRxiv, Year 2025 |
| Publish date | Aug 14, 2025 |
 Authors | Eduard Puente-Massaguer / Thales Galdino Andrade / Michael J Scherm / Kirill Vasilev / Hassanein Abozeid / Alesandra J Rodriguez / Josh Yueh / Disha Bhavsar / John D Campbell / Dong Yu / Richard J Webby / Yoshihiro Kawaoka / Gabriele Neumann / Julianna Han / Andrew B Ward / Florian Krammer /     |
| PubMed Abstract | The continuous evolution and widespread dissemination of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 viruses, particularly clade 2.3.4.4b, pose critical challenges to global pandemic preparedness. ...The continuous evolution and widespread dissemination of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 viruses, particularly clade 2.3.4.4b, pose critical challenges to global pandemic preparedness. In this study, we assessed a low-dose inactivated split virus vaccine derived from clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1, formulated with an Alum/CpG adjuvant, using a preclinical mouse model. This vaccine induced potent humoral and cellular immune responses, generating high titers of cross-reactive antibodies targeting both hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) glycoproteins across homologous and heterologous H5 clades. The Alum/CpG adjuvant enabled significant antigen dose-sparing while promoting a balanced Th1/Th2 immune profile. Functional analyses demonstrated strong virus neutralization, neuraminidase inhibition, and potent antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity activity. Additionally, the vaccine elicited robust antigen-specific CD4 and CD8 T cell responses and effectively controlled viral replication in the lungs, accompanied by reduced lung inflammation. Importantly, vaccinated mice were fully protected against lethal challenges with both the homologous clade 2.3.4.4b and heterologous clade 1 H5N1 viruses, despite low hemagglutination inhibition titers. Electron microscopy polyclonal epitope mapping revealed serum antibodies targeting multiple epitopes on homologous HA and NA, with some cross-reacting to conserved epitopes on heterologous proteins, underscoring broad immune recognition. Collectively, these results highlight the potential of this vaccine candidate to provide broad, multifunctional, and durable immunity against both current and emerging H5N1 threats, supporting its further development for pandemic preparedness. |
 External links | bioRxiv / PubMed:40832286 / PubMed Central |
| Methods | EM (single particle) |
| Resolution | 25.0 Å |
| Structure data |  EMDB-72062: Polyclonal immune complex of Fab from mice sera binding the head of H5 HA after immunization with inactivated split A/bald eagle/FL/W22-134-OP/2022 Influenza virus vaccine adjuvanted with CpG  EMDB-72063: Polyclonal immune complex of Fab from mice sera binding the side of the head of H5 HA after immunization with inactivated split A/bald eagle/FL/W22-134-OP/2022 Influenza virus vaccine adjuvanted with CpG  EMDB-72064: Polyclonal immune complex of Fab from mice sera binding the esterase of H5 HA after immunization with inactivated split A/bald eagle/FL/W22-134-OP/2022 Influenza virus vaccine adjuvanted with CpG  EMDB-72065: Polyclonal immune complex of Fab from mice sera binding the top of N1 NA after immunization with inactivated split A/bald eagle/FL/W22-134-OP/2022 Influenza virus vaccine unadjuvanted  EMDB-72066: Polyclonal immune complex of Fab from mice sera binding the side of N1 NA after immunization with inactivated split A/bald eagle/FL/W22-134-OP/2022 Influenza virus vaccine adjuvanted with CpG |
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Mus musculus (house mouse)