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TitleStructure, lipid scrambling activity and role in autophagosome formation of ATG9A.
Journal, issue, pagesNat Struct Mol Biol, Vol. 27, Issue 12, Page 1194-1201, Year 2020
Publish dateOct 26, 2020
AuthorsShintaro Maeda / Hayashi Yamamoto / Lisa N Kinch / Christina M Garza / Satoru Takahashi / Chinatsu Otomo / Nick V Grishin / Stefano Forli / Noboru Mizushima / Takanori Otomo /
PubMed AbstractDe novo formation of the double-membrane compartment autophagosome is seeded by small vesicles carrying membrane protein autophagy-related 9 (ATG9), the function of which remains unknown. Here we ...De novo formation of the double-membrane compartment autophagosome is seeded by small vesicles carrying membrane protein autophagy-related 9 (ATG9), the function of which remains unknown. Here we find that ATG9A scrambles phospholipids of membranes in vitro. Cryo-EM structures of human ATG9A reveal a trimer with a solvated central pore, which is connected laterally to the cytosol through the cavity within each protomer. Similarities to ABC exporters suggest that ATG9A could be a transporter that uses the central pore to function. Moreover, molecular dynamics simulation suggests that the central pore opens laterally to accommodate lipid headgroups, thereby enabling lipids to flip. Mutations in the pore reduce scrambling activity and yield markedly smaller autophagosomes, indicating that lipid scrambling by ATG9A is essential for membrane expansion. We propose ATG9A acts as a membrane-embedded funnel to facilitate lipid flipping and to redistribute lipids added to the outer leaflet of ATG9 vesicles, thereby enabling growth into autophagosomes.
External linksNat Struct Mol Biol / PubMed:33106659 / PubMed Central
MethodsEM (single particle)
Resolution3.4 - 4.0 Å
Structure data

22375

7jlo

EMDB-22375, PDB-7jlo:
Cryo-EM structure of human ATG9A in amphipols
Method: EM (single particle) / Resolution: 3.4 Å

22376

7jlp

EMDB-22376, PDB-7jlp:
cryo-EM structure of human ATG9A in nanodiscs
Method: EM (single particle) / Resolution: 3.4 Å

22377

7jlq

EMDB-22377, PDB-7jlq:
cryo-EM structure of human ATG9A in LMNG micelles
Method: EM (single particle) / Resolution: 4.0 Å

Chemicals

ChemComp-POV:
(2S)-3-(hexadecanoyloxy)-2-[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoyloxy]propyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate / phospholipid*YM / POPC

Source
  • homo sapiens (human)
KeywordsMEMBRANE PROTEIN / autophagy

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