Journal: Nature / Year: 2010 Title: The structural basis for membrane binding and pore formation by lymphocyte perforin. Authors: Ruby H P Law / Natalya Lukoyanova / Ilia Voskoboinik / Tom T Caradoc-Davies / Katherine Baran / Michelle A Dunstone / Michael E D'Angelo / Elena V Orlova / Fasséli Coulibaly / Sandra ...Authors: Ruby H P Law / Natalya Lukoyanova / Ilia Voskoboinik / Tom T Caradoc-Davies / Katherine Baran / Michelle A Dunstone / Michael E D'Angelo / Elena V Orlova / Fasséli Coulibaly / Sandra Verschoor / Kylie A Browne / Annette Ciccone / Michael J Kuiper / Phillip I Bird / Joseph A Trapani / Helen R Saibil / James C Whisstock / Abstract: Natural killer cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes accomplish the critically important function of killing virus-infected and neoplastic cells. They do this by releasing the pore-forming protein ...Natural killer cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes accomplish the critically important function of killing virus-infected and neoplastic cells. They do this by releasing the pore-forming protein perforin and granzyme proteases from cytoplasmic granules into the cleft formed between the abutting killer and target cell membranes. Perforin, a 67-kilodalton multidomain protein, oligomerizes to form pores that deliver the pro-apoptopic granzymes into the cytosol of the target cell. The importance of perforin is highlighted by the fatal consequences of congenital perforin deficiency, with more than 50 different perforin mutations linked to familial haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (type 2 FHL). Here we elucidate the mechanism of perforin pore formation by determining the X-ray crystal structure of monomeric murine perforin, together with a cryo-electron microscopy reconstruction of the entire perforin pore. Perforin is a thin 'key-shaped' molecule, comprising an amino-terminal membrane attack complex perforin-like (MACPF)/cholesterol dependent cytolysin (CDC) domain followed by an epidermal growth factor (EGF) domain that, together with the extreme carboxy-terminal sequence, forms a central shelf-like structure. A C-terminal C2 domain mediates initial, Ca(2+)-dependent membrane binding. Most unexpectedly, however, electron microscopy reveals that the orientation of the perforin MACPF domain in the pore is inside-out relative to the subunit arrangement in CDCs. These data reveal remarkable flexibility in the mechanism of action of the conserved MACPF/CDC fold and provide new insights into how related immune defence molecules such as complement proteins assemble into pores.
History
Deposition
Aug 3, 2010
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Header (metadata) release
Sep 24, 2010
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Map release
Nov 3, 2010
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Update
Nov 16, 2010
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Current status
Nov 16, 2010
Processing site: PDBe / Status: Released
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Structure visualization
Movie
Surface view with section colored by density value
Specimen holder: Side entry single tilt / Specimen holder model: SIDE ENTRY, EUCENTRIC
Alignment procedure
Legacy - Astigmatism: At the specimen level
Date
May 18, 2007
Image recording
Category: FILM / Film or detector model: KODAK SO-163 FILM / Digitization - Scanner: ZEISS SCAI / Digitization - Sampling interval: 7 µm / Number real images: 32 / Average electron dose: 20 e/Å2 / Bits/pixel: 8
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Image processing
CTF correction
Details: Estimated with CTFFIND3, then phases flipped for each particle
Final reconstruction
Applied symmetry - Point group: C1 (asymmetric) / Algorithm: OTHER / Resolution.type: BY AUTHOR / Resolution: 25.0 Å / Resolution method: FSC 0.5 CUT-OFF / Software - Name: Imagic, Spider / Details: The hand of the map has not been determined / Number images used: 3400
Details
Particles were selected manually using EMAN-Boxer software
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